Exhibit 99.3

BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM
 
WASHINGTON, DC 20551
 

 
FORM 10-Q
 

(Mark One)
 
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025

OR
 
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the transition period from                                         to                                            
 
FDIC Certificate No. 11813
 

 
CADENCE BANK
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 

 
Mississippi
 
64-0117230
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
 
 
 
One Mississippi Plaza, 201 South Spring Street    
     
Tupelo, Mississippi   38804
(Address of principal executive offices)  
(Zip Code)
 
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (662) 680-2000
 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class
 
Trading Symbol(s)
 
Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $2.50 par value per share
 
CADE
 
New York Stock Exchange
 
 
 
 

5.50% Series A Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share   CADE PR A  
New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒ No
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 
Large Accelerated Filer
Accelerated Filer
Non-Accelerated Filer
Smaller Reporting Company
   
Emerging Growth Company
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐  No ⌧
 
As of August 4, 2025, the registrant had outstanding 186,307,016 shares of common stock, par value $2.50 per share, and 6,900,000 shares of its 5.50% Series A Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share.

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  Page
Glossary of Defined Terms
3
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements
5
Part I. Financial Information
7
Item 1. Financial Statements
7
Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited)
7
Consolidated Statements of Income (unaudited)
8
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (unaudited)
9
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (unaudited)
10
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)
11
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
13
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
63
Overview
63
Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations
64
Financial Highlights
66
Results of Operations
68
Financial Condition
80
Critical Accounting Estimates
99
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
100
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
102
Part II. Other Information
103
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
103
Item 1A. Risk Factors
103
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
103
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
103
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
103
Item 5. Other Information 
103
Item 6. Exhibits
104
Signatures
105
 
2

Glossary of Defined Terms
 
ACH - Automated Clearing House
ACL - Allowance for credit losses
AFS - Available for sale
AI - Artificial intelligence
ALM - Asset/liability management
ALCO - Asset/Liability Management Committee
AOCI - Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
ASC - Accounting Standards Codification
ASU - Accounting Standards Update ATM - Automated teller machine
Basel III - Basel Committee's 2010 Regulatory Capital Framework (Third Accord)
Basel Committee - Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
BHC Act - Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended
Board - the Company’s Board of Directors
BOLI - Bank-owned life insurance
BTFP - Bank Term Funding Program
C&I - Commercial and industrial
CAD - Construction, acquisition and development
CAMT - Corporate alternative minimum tax rate
CDE - Community development entity
CECL - ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("Current Expected Credit Losses")
CEO - Chief Executive Officer
CET1 - Common Equity Tier 1
CFO - Chief Financial Officer
CFPB - Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
CIO - Chief Information Officer
CIS - Center for Internet Security
CISM - Certified Information Security Manager
CISO - Chief Information Security Officer
CISSP - Certified Information Systems Security Professional
Code - Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
CODM - Chief operating decision maker
Company - Cadence Bank and its subsidiaries
COO - Chief Operating Officer
COSO - Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission
CPR - Conditional Prepayment Rate
CRA - Community Reinvestment Act of 1977
CRE - Commercial real estate
CSC - Contractual servicing cost
DIF - Deposit Insurance Fund
DOJ - U.S. Department of Justice
EAP - Employee Assistance Program
EIR - Effective interest rate
EPS - Earnings per share
ESG - Environmental, Social and Governance
Exchange Act - Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
EVE - Economic value of equity
FASB - Financial Accounting Standards Board
FCB - First Chatham Bank
FDI Act - Federal Deposit Insurance Act
FDIC - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FDICIA - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991
FDM - Financial difficulty modification
Federal Reserve - Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
FHA - Federal Housing Administration
FHLB - Federal Home Loan Bank
FHLMC - Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
FinCEN - Financial Crimes Enforcement Network

3

FNMA - Federal National Mortgage Association
FRB - Federal Reserve Bank
FTE - Fully taxable equivalent
GAAP - Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States
GNMA - Government National Mortgage Association
HTC - Historic tax credits
IRA of 2022 - Inflation Reduction Act of 2022
IRR - Interest rate risk
ITM - Interactive teller machine
LTV - Loan to value
MBS - Mortgage-backed securities
MDBCF - Mississippi Department of Banking and Consumer Finance
MSR - Mortgage servicing rights
NAV - Net asset value
NII - Net interest income
NM - Not meaningful
NMTC - New market tax credit
NPA - Nonperforming asset(s)
NPL - Nonperforming loan(s)
NSF - Nonsufficient funds
NYSE - New York Stock Exchange
OBBB - One Big Beautiful Bill
OCC - Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
OREO - Other real estate owned
PCAOB - Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
PCD - Purchased credit deteriorated
Preferred Stock - 5.50% Series A Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, of the Company
PSU - Performance stock unit
ROU - Right of use
RSA - Restricted stock award RSU - Restricted stock unit
SBA - Small Business Administration
SBIC - Small Business Investment Company
SEC - U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
SNC - Shared National Credit
SOFR - Secured Overnight Financing Rate
TBA - To be announced
TCJA - Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
TDR - Troubled debt restructuring
USDA - U.S. Department of Agriculture
VA - U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
VIE - Variable interest entity
YTD - Year to date

4

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS
 
Certain statements made in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”) are not statements of historical fact and constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Exchange Act and are subject to the safe harbor created thereby under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 as well as the “bespeaks caution” doctrine. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “anticipate,” “aspire,” “assume,” “believe,” “budget,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “foresee,” “goal,” “hope,” “indicate,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “outlook,” “plan,” “project,” “projection,” “predict,” “prospect,” “potential,” “roadmap,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” and “would,” or the negative versions of those words, or other comparable words of a future or forward-looking nature. These forward-looking statements may include, without limitation, discussions regarding general economic, interest rate, trade, real estate market, competitive, employment, and credit market conditions; our assets; business; cash flows; financial condition; liquidity; prospects; results of operations and the Company’s ability to deploy capital into strategic and growth initiatives; deposit growth interest and fee-based revenue; capital resources; capital metrics; efficiency ratio; valuation of mortgage servicing rights; mortgage production volume; net income; net interest revenue; non-interest revenue; net interest margin; interest expense; non-interest expense; earnings per share; interest rate sensitivity; interest rate risk; balance sheet and liquidity management; off-balance sheet arrangements; fair value determinations; asset quality; credit quality; credit losses; provision and allowance for credit losses, impairments, charge-offs, recoveries and changes in volume; investment securities portfolio yields and values; ability to manage the impact of natural disasters; adoption and use of critical accounting policies; adoption and implementation of new accounting standards and their effect on our financial results and our financial reporting; utilization of non-GAAP financial metrics; declaration and payment of dividends; ability to pay dividends or coupons on our Preferred Stock or our subordinated notes; mortgage and commission revenue growth; implementation and execution of cost savings initiatives; ability to successfully litigate, resolve or otherwise dispense with threatened, ongoing and future litigation and administrative and investigatory matters; ability to successfully complete pending or future acquisitions or divestitures; dispositions and other strategic growth opportunities and initiatives; ability to successfully integrate and manage acquisitions or divestitures; opportunities and efforts to grow market share; reputation; ability to compete with other financial institutions; ability to recruit and retain key employees and personnel; access to capital markets; investment in other financial institutions; and ability to operate our regulatory compliance programs in accordance with applicable law.
 
Forward-looking statements are based upon management’s expectations as well as certain assumptions and estimates made by, and information available to, management at the time such statements were made. Forward-looking statements are not historical facts, are not guarantees of future results or performance and are subject to certain known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that are beyond our control and that may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, such forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties and other factors include, without limitation, general economic, unemployment, credit market and real estate market conditions (including potential downturn, contraction and/or recession), and the effect of such conditions on the creditworthiness of borrowers, collateral values, the value of investment securities and asset recovery values; the risks of changes in trade policy, in interest rates, and their effects on the level and composition of deposits, loan demand, loan repayment velocity, and the values of loan collateral, securities and interest sensitive assets and liabilities; risks arising from market reactions to the banking environment in general, or to conditions or situations at specific banks; risks arising from perceived instability in the banking sector; the impact of inflation, the failure of assumptions underlying the establishment of reserves for possible credit losses, fair value for loans and other real estate owned; changes in the prices, values and sales volumes of residential and commercial real estate, especially as they relate to the value of collateral supporting the Company’s loans; uncertainties surrounding the impact of proposed tariffs (by or on the U.S.), including the potential negative impact to our loan portfolio and profitability, potential for increases in problem loans, potential re-evaluation of credit markets and interest rates, lower equity valuation and potential slowdown in capital markets, reduced demand for U.S. exports, disruptions to supply chains, impacts from decreased international tourism, decreased demand for other banking products and services and negative credit quality developments arising from the foregoing or other factors; the uncertain duration of trade conflicts; the magnitude of the impact that the proposed tariffs may have on our customers’ businesses; a deterioration of the credit rating for U.S. long-term sovereign debt, actions that the U.S. government may take to avoid exceeding the debt ceiling, or uncertainties surrounding the debt ceiling and the federal budget; the availability of and access to capital; possible downgrades in our credit ratings or outlook which could increase the costs or availability of funding from capital markets; the ability to attract new or retain existing deposits or to retain or grow loans; potential delays or other problems in implementing and executing our growth, expansion and acquisition or divestment strategies, including delays in obtaining regulatory or other necessary approvals (including obtaining the approval of any pending transactions), or the failure to realize any anticipated benefits or synergies from any acquisitions or growth strategies; the risks relating to the acquisitions of FCB Financial Corp. and Industry Bancshares, Inc. including, without limitation: (i) the diversion of management's time on issues related to integration efforts; (ii) unexpected transaction costs, including the costs of integrating operations; (iii) the risks that the businesses will not be integrated successfully or that such integration may be more difficult, time-consuming or costly than expected; (iv) the potential failure to fully or timely realize expected revenues and revenue synergies, including as the result of revenues following the merger being lower than expected; (v) the risk of deposit and customer attrition; any changes in deposit mix; (vi) unexpected operating and other costs, which may differ or change from expectations; (vii) the risks of customer and employee loss and business disruptions, including, without limitation, as the result of difficulties in maintaining relationships with employees; (viii) increased competitive pressures and solicitations of customers by competitors; and (ix) the difficulties and risks inherent with entering new markets; significant turbulence or a disruption in the capital or financial markets; the effect of a fall in stock market prices on our investment banking business and our fee income from our brokerage and wealth management businesses; the ability to grow additional interest and fee income or to control noninterest expense; competitive factors and pricing pressures, including their effect on our net interest margin; changes in legal, financial and/or regulatory requirements (including those related to share repurchases); recently enacted and potential legislation and regulatory actions and the costs and expenses to comply with new and/or existing legislation and regulatory actions, and any related rules and regulations; changes in U.S. Government monetary, fiscal and trade policy, including any changes that may result from U.S. elections; special assessments or changes to regular assessments by banking regulators; possible adverse rulings, judgments, settlements and other outcomes of pending or future litigation or government actions; the ability to keep pace with technological changes, including changes regarding generative artificial intelligence, maintaining cybersecurity and compliance with applicable cybersecurity regulatory requirements; increased competition in the financial services industry, particularly from regional and national institutions, as well as from fintech companies, risks related to our reliance on third parties to provide key components of our business infrastructure, including the risks related to disruptions in services provided by disputes with, or financial difficulties of a third-party vendor, the impact of failure in, or breach of, our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties with whom we do business, including as a result of cyber-attacks or an increase in the incidence or severity of fraud, illegal payments, security breaches or other illegal acts impacting us or our customers; natural disasters or acts of war or terrorism; international or political instability (including the impacts related to or resulting from the proposed tariffs and international trade conflicts, Russia’s military action in Ukraine, or the Israel-Hamas war, including the imposition of additional sanctions and export controls, as well as the broader impacts to financial markets and the global macroeconomic and geopolitical environments); risks and costs related to the scope and pace of related rulemaking activity; impairment of our goodwill or other intangible assets; adoption of new accounting standards or changes in existing standards; and other factors described in “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Report or as detailed from time to time in the Company’s press and news releases, reports and other filings we file with the federal banking regulators.

5

The Company faces risks from: possible adverse rulings, judgments, settlements or other outcomes of pending, ongoing and future litigation, as well as governmental, administrative and investigatory matters; the impairment of the Company’s goodwill or other intangible assets; losses of key employees and personnel; the diversion of management’s attention from ongoing business operations and opportunities; and the Company’s success in executing its business plans and strategies, and managing the risks involved in all of the foregoing.
 
Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date of this Report, if one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if the Company’s underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may prove to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Accordingly, undue reliance should not be placed on any forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Report, and the Company does not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by applicable law. New risks and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for the Company to predict their occurrence or how they will affect the Company. All written or oral forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified in their entirety by this section.

6

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

Consolidated Balance Sheets
Cadence Bank and Subsidiaries
(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
 
June 30, 2025
   
December 31, 2024
 
ASSETS
           
Cash and due from banks
 
$
710,679
   
$
624,884
 
Interest bearing deposits with other banks and Federal funds sold
   
825,878
     
1,106,692
 
Total cash and cash equivalents
   
1,536,557
     
1,731,576
 
Available for sale securities, at fair value
   
8,837,400
     
7,293,988
 
Loans and leases, net of unearned income
   
35,465,181
     
33,741,755
 
Allowance for credit losses
   
474,651
     
460,793
 
Net loans and leases
   
34,990,530
     
33,280,962
 
Loans held for sale, at fair value
   
272,059
     
244,192
 
Premises and equipment, net
   
806,879
     
783,456
 
Goodwill
   
1,387,990
     
1,366,923
 
Other intangible assets, net
   
87,814
     
83,190
 
Bank-owned life insurance
   
671,813
     
651,838
 
Other assets
   
1,787,798
     
1,583,065
 
TOTAL ASSETS
 
$
50,378,840
   
$
47,019,190
 
LIABILITIES
               
Noninterest bearing demand deposits
 
$
9,154,050
   
$
8,591,805
 
Interest bearing demand and money market deposits
   
18,936,579
     
19,345,114
 
Savings
   
2,641,482
     
2,588,406
 
Time deposits
   
9,761,407
     
9,970,876
 
Total deposits
   
40,493,518
     
40,496,201
 
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase
   
21,225
     
23,616
 
Short-term FHLB borrowings
   
1,575,000
     
 
Subordinated and long-term borrowings
   
1,430,674
     
10,706
 
Other liabilities
   
942,140
     
918,984
 
TOTAL LIABILITIES
   
44,462,557
     
41,449,507
 
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
               
Series A Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share; authorized - 500,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding - 6,900,000 shares for both periods presented
   
166,993
     
166,993
 
Common stock, $2.50 par value per share; authorized - 500,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding - 186,307,016 and 183,527,575 shares, respectively
   
465,768
     
458,819
 
Capital surplus
   
2,805,171
     
2,742,913
 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
   
(576,157
)
   
(694,495
)
Retained earnings
   
3,054,508
     
2,895,453
 
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
   
5,916,283
     
5,569,683
 
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
 
$
50,378,840
   
$
47,019,190
 

See accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

7

Consolidated Statements of Income
Cadence Bank and Subsidiaries
(Unaudited)
 
    Three Months Ended June 30,     Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
 
2025
   
2024
   
2025
   
2024
 
INTEREST REVENUE:
                       
Loans and leases
 
$
549,691
   
$
539,685
   
$
1,079,741
   
$
1,068,624
 
Available for sale securities:
                               
Taxable
   
72,355
     
62,852
     
125,587
     
126,257
 
Tax-exempt
   
634
     
638
     
1,263
     
1,325
 
Loans held for sale
   
1,736
     
1,652
     
3,185
     
2,837
 
Short-term investments
   
11,183
     
37,383
     
25,080
     
80,280
 
Total interest revenue
   
635,599
     
642,210
     
1,234,856
     
1,279,323
 
INTEREST EXPENSE:
                               
Interest bearing demand deposits and money market
     
accounts
   
125,874
     
146,279
     
254,705
     
295,682
 
Savings
   
3,747
     
3,743
     
7,391
     
7,544
 
Time deposits
   
98,721
     
89,173
     
199,621
     
169,842
 
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under
     
agreement to repurchase
   
2,939
     
724
     
4,063
     
3,247
 
Short-term borrowings
   
12,594
     
41,544
     
12,911
     
83,653
 
Subordinated and long-term borrowings
   
13,584
     
4,429
     
14,873
     
9,129
 
Total interest expense
   
257,459
     
285,892
     
493,564
     
569,097
 
Net interest revenue
   
378,140
     
356,318
     
741,292
     
710,226
 
Provision for credit losses
   
31,000
     
22,000
     
51,000
     
44,000
 
Net interest revenue, after provision for credit losses
   
347,140
     
334,318
     
690,292
     
666,226
 
NONINTEREST REVENUE:
                               
Wealth management
   
25,298
     
24,006
     
48,577
     
46,839
 
Deposit service charges
   
18,061
     
17,652
     
35,797
     
35,989
 
Credit card, debit card and merchant fees
   
12,972
     
12,770
     
24,961
     
24,932
 
Mortgage banking
   
8,711
     
6,173
     
15,349
     
12,616
 
Security losses, net
   
     
(4
)
   
(9
)
   
(12
)
Other
   
33,139
     
40,061
     
58,893
     
64,080
 
Total noninterest revenue
   
98,181
     
100,658
     
183,568
     
184,444
 
NONINTEREST EXPENSE:
                               
Salaries and employee benefits
   
157,340
     
148,038
     
310,312
     
304,689
 
Occupancy and equipment
   
30,039
     
29,367
     
58,516
     
58,007
 
Data processing and software
   
30,701
     
29,467
     
57,833
     
59,494
 
Deposit insurance assessments
   
8,571
     
15,741
     
17,214
     
24,156
 
Amortization of intangibles
   
4,046
     
3,999
     
7,714
     
8,065
 
Merger expense
   
2,179
     
     
2,494
     
 
Other
   
39,987
     
30,085
     
78,129
     
65,493
 
Total noninterest expense
   
272,863
     
256,697
     
532,212
     
519,904
 
Income before income taxes
   
172,458
     
178,279
     
341,648
     
330,766
 
Income tax expense
   
37,813
     
40,807
     
73,781
     
76,316
 
Net income
 
$
134,645
   
$
137,472
     
267,867
     
254,450
 
Less: preferred dividends
   
4,744
     
2,372
     
7,116
     
4,744
 
Net income available to common shareholders
 
$
129,901
   
$
135,100
   
$
260,751
   
$
249,706
 
Basic earnings per common share
 
$
0.70
   
$
0.74
   
$
1.41
   
$
1.37
 
Diluted earnings per common share
 
$
0.69
   
$
0.73
   
$
1.40
   
$
1.35
 
 
See accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

8

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Cadence Bank and Subsidiaries
(Unaudited)

    Three Months Ended June 30,     Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In thousands)
 
2025
   
2024
   
2025
   
2024
 
Net income
 
$
134,645
     $
137,472
   
$
267,867 $
     
254,450
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
                               
Unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities:
                               
 Net unrealized gains (losses), net of income taxes of $(13,758), $(2,598), $(36,254), and $6,725
   
44,491
     
8,402
     
117,234
     
(21,748
)
Reclassification adjustment for net losses realized in net income, net of income taxes of $0, $1, $2, and $3
   
     
(3
)
   
(7
)
   
(9
)
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities, net of tax
   
44,491
     
8,399
     
117,227
     
(21,757
)
Recognized employee benefit plan net periodic benefit cost, net of income taxes of $(173), $(146), $(344), and $(348)
   
555
     
472
     
1,111
     
1,124
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
   
45,046
     
8,871
     
118,338
     
(20,633
)
Comprehensive income
 
$
179,691
   
$
146,343
   
$
386,205
   
$
233,817
 
 
See accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

9

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
Cadence Bank and Subsidiaries
(Unaudited)

        Preferred Stock       Common Stock      
Capital
Surplus
     
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
(Loss) Income
     
Retained
Earnings
     
Total
Shareholders'
Equity
 
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
      Shares       Amount       Shares       Amount            
 
           
Balance at December 31, 2024
     
6,900,000
   
$
166,993
     
183,527,575
   
$
458,819
    $ 2,742,913     $ (694,495 )   $ 2,895,453     $ 5,569,683  
Net income
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
133,222
     
133,222
 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax
     
     
     
     
     
     
73,292
     
     
73,292
 
Equity based compensation, net of forfeitures and shares withheld to cover taxes
     
     
     
519,724
     
1,299

   
(6,087
)
   
     
   
(4,788
)
Repurchase of stock, net of excise tax
     
     
     
(879
)
   
(2
)
   
(27
)
   
     
     
(29
)
Preferred dividends declared, $0.34 per share
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
(2,372
)
   
(2,372
)
Cash dividends declared, $0.275 per share
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
(50,467
)
   
(50,467
)
Balance at March 31, 2025
   

6,900,000
   
166,993
   
184,046,420

  $
460,116
    $
2,736,799     $
(621,203
)
  $
2,975,836     $
5,718,541
 
Net income
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
134,645
     
134,645
 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax
     
     
     
     
     
     
45,046
     
     
45,046
 
Equity based compensation, net of forfeitures and shares withheld to cover taxes
     
     
     
32,255
      82
      8,937      
           
9,019
 
Repurchase of stock, net of excise tax
     
     
     
(71,409
)
   
(179
)
   
(2,107
)
   
     
     
(2,286
)
Issuance of stock in conjunction with acquisitions
     
     
     
2,299,750
     
5,749
     
61,542
     
     
     
67,291
 
Preferred dividends declared, $0.69 per share
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
(4,744
)
   
(4,744
)
Cash dividends declared, $0.275 per share
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
(51,229
)
   
(51,229
)
Balance at June 30, 2025
     
6,900,000
    $ 166,993      
186,307,016
    $ 465,768     $ 2,805,171     $ (576,157 )   $ 3,054,508    
$
5,916,283
 

        Preferred Stock       Common Stock      
Capital
Surplus
     
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
(Loss) Income
     
Retained
Earnings
     
Total
Shareholders'
Equity
 
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
      Shares       Amount       Shares       Amount            
 
           
Balance at December 31, 2023
     
6,900,000
   
$
166,993
     
182,871,775
   
$
457,179
    $
2,743,066
    $
(761,829
)   $
2,562,434
    $
5,167,843
 
Net income
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
116,978
     
116,978
 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
     
     
     
     
     
     
(29,504)
     
     
(29,504)
 
Equity based compensation, net of forfeitures and shares withheld to cover taxes
     
     
     
467,143
     
1,168

   
(3,231
)
   
     
   
(2,063
)
Repurchase of stock, net of excise tax
     
     
     
(657,593
)
   
(1,644
)
   
(15,248
)
   
     
     
(16,892
)
Preferred dividends declared, $0.34 per share
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
(2,372
)
   
(2,372
)
Cash dividends declared, $0.25 per share
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
(45,598
)
   
(45,598
)
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle, net of tax, for ASU 2023-02
     
     
     
     
     
     
      1,540
      1,540
 
Balance at March 31, 2024
   

6,900,000
   
166,993
     
182,681,325

  $
456,703
    $
2,724,587     $
(791,333
)
  $
2,632,982     $
5,189,932
 
Net income
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
137,472
     
137,472
 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax
     
     
     
     
     
     
8,871
     
     
8,871
 
Equity based compensation, net of forfeitures and shares withheld to cover taxes
     
     
     
84,153
      211      
8,486
     
           
8,697
 
Repurchase of stock, net of excise tax
     
     
     
(335,051
)
   
(838
)
   
(8,417
)
   
     
     
(9,255
)
Preferred dividends declared, $0.34 per share
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
(2,372
)
   
(2,372
)
Cash dividends declared, $0.25 per share
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
(45,587
)
   
(45,587
)
Balance at June 30, 2024
     
6,900,000
    $ 166,993      
182,430,427
    $
456,076
    $
2,724,656
    $
(782,462
)   $ 2,722,495    
$
5,287,758
 

See accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

10

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Cadence Bank and Subsidiaries
(Unaudited)
 
    Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In thousands)
 
2025
   
2024
 
Operating Activities:
           
Net income
 
$
267,867
   
$
254,450
 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operations:
               
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion
   
45,290
     
108,304
 
Deferred income tax expense
   
10,106
     
10,173
 
Provision for credit losses
   
51,000
     
44,000
 
Gain on sale of loans, net
   
(13,061
)
   
(10,734
)
Gain on disposition of businesses
   
     
(14,980
)
Loss on sales of available for sale securities, net
   
9
     
12
 
Unrealized gain on limited partnerships, net
   
(4,757
)
   
(5,391
)
Gain on trading securities
   
(27
)
   
(10
)
Share-based compensation expense
   
13,823
     
16,055
 
Proceeds from payments and sales of loans held for sale
   
664,943
     
574,877
 
Origination of loans held for sale
   
(653,577
)
   
(578,067
)
Increase in accrued interest receivable
   
(15,334
)
   
(9,005
)
Increase in accrued interest payable
   
37,765
     
95,146
 
Purchases of trading securities
   
(11,000
)
   
(4,000
)
Proceeds from sales of trading securities
   
11,027
     
4,010
 
Net increase in prepaid pension asset
   
(2,437
)
   
(2,892
)
(Increase) decrease in other assets
   
(52,065
)
   
16,410
 
Increase in other liabilities
   
203
     
51,118
 
Other, net
   
(17,741
)
   
(7,415
)
Net cash provided by operating activities
   
332,034
     
542,061
 
                 
Investing Activities:
               
Net cash received from business acquisition
   
119,397
     
 
Proceeds from disposition of business, net of cash transferred
   
     
15,308
 
Purchases of available for sale securities
   
(2,042,209
)
   
(751,846
)
Proceeds from sales of available for sale securities
   
45,603
     
4,000
 
Proceeds from maturities, calls, and payments of available for sale securities
   
644,056
     
858,952
 
(Purchases of) proceeds from sales of FRB and FHLB stock, net
   
(134,164
)
   
3,259
 
Increase in loans, net
   
(1,404,166
)
   
(927,845
)
Purchases of premises and equipment
   
(34,070
)
   
(48,643
)
Proceeds from sales of premises and equipment
   
3,339
     
14,850
 
Proceeds from disposition of foreclosed and repossessed property
   
4,829
     
4,779
 
Proceeds from sales of loans transferred to held for sale
   
     
36,317
 
Net death benefits received on bank owned life insurance
   
13,616
     
514
 
Purchases of tax credit investments
   
(66,244
)
   
(28,795
)
Purchases of limited partnership interests
   
(15,875
)
   
(16,007
)
Other, net
   
5,718
     
6,843
 
Net cash used in investing activities
   
(2,860,170
)
   
(828,314
)

11

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)
Cadence Bank and Subsidiaries
(Unaudited)
 
   
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
(In thousands)
 
2025
   
2024
 
Financing Activities:
           
Decrease in deposits, net
   
(526,415
)
   
(638,323
)
Net change in securities sold under agreement to repurchase and federal funds purchased
   
(2,391
)
   
(396,482
)
Net change in short-term FHLB advances
   
1,575,000
     
 
Long-term borrowings called, repurchased, or repaid
   
(22,330
)
   
(168,351
)
Repayment of long-term FHLB advances
   
(26
)
   
 
Proceeds from long-term FHLB advances
   
1,430,000
     
 
Repurchase of common stock
   
(2,315
)
   
(26,147
)
Cash dividends paid on common stock
   
(101,748
)
   
(91,186
)
Cash dividends paid on preferred stock
   
(7,116
)
   
(4,744
)
Cash paid for tax withholding on vested share-based compensation and other
   
(9,542
)
   
(10,244
)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
   
2,333,117
     
(1,335,477
)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents
   
(195,019
)
   
(1,621,730
)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
   
1,731,576
     
4,232,265
 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
 
$
1,536,557
   
$
2,610,535
 
 
Supplemental Cash Flow Disclosures
Cadence Bank and Subsidiaries
(Unaudited)
 
   
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
(In thousands)
 
2025
   
2024
 
Supplemental Disclosures
           
Cash paid during the period for:
           
Interest
 
$
455,799
   
$
473,952
 
Income tax payments, net
   
20,617
     
82,528
 
Cash paid for amounts included in lease liabilities
   
9,047
     
8,925
 
Non-cash investing and financing activities, at fair value:
               
Acquisition of real estate and other assets in settlement of loans
   
13,566
     
3,240
 
Transfers of loans held for sale to loans
   
6,032
     
2,901
 
Transfers of loans to loans held for sale
   
38,038
     
39,038
 
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities
   
13,713
     
9,347
 
Increase in funding obligations for certain tax credit investments
   
36,728
     
10,201
 
 
See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

12

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
Cadence Bank and Subsidiaries
 
NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation
 
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements for the Company have been prepared in accordance with instructions to the SEC Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X; therefore, they do not include all information and notes necessary for a fair presentation of financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, and cash flows in conformity with GAAP. All adjustments consisting of normally recurring accruals that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial position and results of operations for the periods covered by this report have been included. These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Operating results for the period ended June 30, 2025, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025. The consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2024 has been derived from the audited financial statements included in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 
The Company and its subsidiaries follow GAAP, including, where applicable, general practices within the banking industry. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. Significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The assessment of whether or not the Company has a controlling interest (i.e., the primary beneficiary) in a VIE is performed on an on-going basis. All equity investments in non-consolidated VIEs are included in “other assets” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (see Note 17 for more information).
 
Certain amounts reported in prior years have been reclassified to conform to the 2025 presentation. These reclassifications did not materially impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
 
In accordance with GAAP, the Company’s management evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements through the date of the issuance of the consolidated financial statements (See Note 18 for more information).
 
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 
ASU No. 2023-05
 
In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-05, Business Combinations—Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement. The ASU applies to the formation of entities that meet the definition of a joint venture (or a corporate joint venture) as defined in the FASB ASC Master Glossary. The amendments in the ASU require that a newly formed joint venture, upon formation, would initially measure its assets and liabilities at fair value (with exceptions to fair value measurement that are consistent with the business combinations guidance). The ASU allows a joint venture to apply measurement period guidance in accordance with ASC 805-10, allowing the amounts recognized upon formation to be adjusted for provisional items during the measurement period not to exceed one year from the formation date.
 
The ASU does not amend the definition of a joint venture, the existing guidance for the accounting by an equity method investor for its investment in a joint venture, or the accounting by a joint venture for contributions received subsequent to formation.
 
The amendments are effective prospectively for all joint ventures with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025, and early adoption is permitted. A joint venture that was formed before the effective date of the ASU may elect to apply the amendments retrospectively if it has sufficient information. There was no impact from this guidance on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
 
ASU No. 2023-08
 
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-08, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60): Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets. The amendments are intended to improve the accounting for certain crypto assets by requiring an entity to measure those crypto assets at fair value each reporting period with changes in fair value recognized in net income. The amendments also improve the information provided to investors about an entity’s crypto asset holdings by requiring disclosure about significant holdings, contractual sale restrictions, and changes during the reporting period.

13

The amendments in the ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued (or made available for issuance). If amendments are adopted in an interim period, they must be adopted as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. There was no impact from this guidance on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
 
ASU No. 2023-09
 
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The ASU is intended to improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments intended to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures.
 
The amendments in the ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. As this guidance is solely disclosure related, there will be no quantitative impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
 
ASU No. 2024-01
 
In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-01, Compensation--Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards, which provides four cases illustrating the scope application of Topic 718 for profits interest awards. Determining whether a profits interest award should be accounted for as a share-based payment arrangement or other compensation requires judgement based on the facts and circumstances of the specific transaction. The illustrative example includes four fact patterns to demonstrate how an entity would apply the scope guidance in Topic 718 to determine whether profits interest awards should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 718.
 
The amendments in the ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The amendments should be applied either (1) retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements or (2) prospectively to profits, interest, and similar awards grated or modified on or after the date at which the entity first applies the amendments. There was no impact from this guidance on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
 
ASU No. 2024-02
 
In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-02, Codification Improvements--Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements, which contains amendments that remove references to various Concepts Statements. In most instances, the references are extraneous and not required to understand or apply the guidance. In other instances, the references were used in prior Statements to provide guidance in certain topical areas. Generally, the amendments are not intended to result in significant accounting change for most entities. However, the FASB recognized that changes to that guidance may result in accounting change for some entities. Therefore, the FASB provided transition guidance for all the amendments in this Update.
 
These amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early application of the amendments is permitted for all entities, for any fiscal year or interim period for which financial statements have not yet been issued (or made available for issuance). If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, it must adopt them as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. There was no significant impact from this guidance on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
 
ASU No. 2025-02
 
In March 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-02, Liabilities (Topic 405): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 122 to remove SEC paragraphs pursuant to the issuance of the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 122, Accounting for Obligations To Safeguard Crypto-Assets an Entity Holds for Its Platform Users. The amendments are effective immediately. There was no impact from this guidance on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

14

Pending Accounting Pronouncements
 
ASU No. 2023-06
 
In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative, that incorporates certain SEC disclosure requirements into the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. The amendments in the ASU are expected to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of Codification Topics, allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the requirements, and align the requirements in the Codification with the SEC’s regulations.
 
The ASU modifies the disclosure or presentation requirements of a variety of Topics in the Codification. The requirements are relatively narrow in nature. Some of the amendments represent clarifications to, or technical corrections of, the current requirements.
 
The effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC removes that related disclosure from its rules. If by June 30, 2027, the SEC has not removed the related disclosure from its regulations, the amendments will be removed from the Codification and not become effective for any entity. As this guidance is solely disclosure related, the Company does not anticipate any quantitative impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
 
ASU No. 2024-03
 
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires disclosures in the note to the financial statements regarding specific expenses. The amendments do not change or remove existing disclosure requirements. The amendments improve disclosure requirements through enhanced expense disaggregation.
 
The amendments require disclosures in each interim and annual reporting periods. The amendments are effective for fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Prospective adoption is required, however an entity may choose to adopt retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. As this guidance is solely disclosure related, the Company does not anticipate any quantitative impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
 
ASU No. 2024-04
 
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-04, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20): Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments, which clarifies requirements for determining whether certain settlements of convertible debt instruments, including convertible debt instruments with cash conversion features or convertible debt instruments that are not currently convertible, should be accounted for as an induced conversion.
 
The amendments are effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of the annual reporting period for all entities that have adopted ASU 2020-06. If an entity adopts ASU No. 2024-04 in an interim reporting period, it should adopt it as of the beginning of the annual reporting period that includes that interim reporting period. The Company does not anticipate any impact from this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.
 
ASU No. 2025-01
 
In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date to clarify the interim effective date for ASU 2024-03 for entities that do not have an annual reporting period that ends on December 31. The amendments are effective for fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Since Company’s fiscal year-end and the calendar year-end are the same, the Company does not anticipate that these amendments will have any effect on Company’s consolidated financial statements.
 
15


ASU No. 2025-03

In May, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-03, Business Combinations (Topic 805) and Consolidation (Topic 810): Determining the Accounting Acquirer in the Acquisition of a Variable Interest Entity to clarify the guidance to determine the accounting acquirer for transactions in which the legal acquiree is a VIE that meets the definition of a business. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026. Early adoption is permitted in reporting periods in which financial statements have not been issued. If the amendment are adopted in an interim period, they should be adopted as of the beginning the interim period or annual period. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis to transactions whose closing dates occurs after adoption of the amendments. The Company does not anticipate that these amendments will have any effect on Company’s consolidated financial statements.
 
ASU No. 2025-04
 
In May, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-04, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718) and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Clarifications to Share-Based Consideration Payable to a Customer to clarify the timing to recognize revenue for entities that offer share-based consideration to customers to incentivize the customers to purchase its goods or services. The amendments are effective for the fiscal period beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted in an interim or annual period in which financial statements have not yet been issued. If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim reporting period, it should adopt it as of the beginning of the annual period that includes that interim reporting period. The Company does not anticipate that these amendments will have any effect on Company’s consolidated financial statements.
 
NOTE 2. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
 
FCB Financial Corp.
 
On May 1, 2025, the Company completed its acquisition of FCB Financial Corp. (“FCB Financial”), the bank holding company for FCB (collectively referred to as “First Chatham”), pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger dated January 22, 2025 by and between the Company and FCB Financial (the “FCB Merger Agreement”). Upon the completion of the merger of FCB Financial with and into the Company, FCB, FCB Financials’ wholly-owned banking subsidiary, was merged with and into the Company. First Chatham was a Savannah, Georgia-based community bank operating eight branches across the Greater Savannah Area. Under the terms of the FCB Merger Agreement, the Company issued 2.3 million shares of common stock and paid $23.1 million in cash for all outstanding shares of First Chatham. The purchase price allocation and certain fair value measurements, as well as the evaluation of the tax positions of the merger, remain in the early stages of management’s review due to the timing of the closing of the merger and are subject to potential changes.
 
The following table presents the amounts recorded on the consolidated balance sheet on the acquisition date of May 1, 2025 for First Chatham, showing the estimated fair value as adjusted during the measurement period (in thousands):
 
Fair Value of Assets Acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
142,506
 
Available for sale securities
   
45,603
 
Loans and leases
   
382,608
 
Allowance for credit losses
   
(8,075
)
Premises and equipment
   
13,741
 
Other intangible assets, net
   
12,338
 
Other assets
   
24,068
 
Total Fair Value of Assets Acquired
 
$
612,789
 
Fair Value of Liabilities Assumed:
       
Deposits
 
$
523,595
 
Junior subordinated debt
   
12,330
 
Other liabilities
   
7,532
 
Total Fair Value of Liabilities Assumed
 
$
543,457
 
Fair Value of Net Assets Acquired
 
$
69,332
 
Consideration Paid:
       
Market value of common stock
   
67,291
 
Total cash paid
   
23,109
 
Total Consideration Paid
 
$
90,400
 
Goodwill
 
$
21,068
 

16

The following is a description of the methods used to estimate the fair values of significant assets acquired and liabilities assumed above.
 
Cash and cash equivalents: The carrying amount of these assets is a reasonable estimate of fair value based on the short-term nature of these assets.
 
Securities available for sale: Fair values for securities were based on sales prices of the securities shortly after the merger’s close date.
 
Loans: Fair values for loans were estimated based on a discounted cash flow methodology (income approach) that considered factors including loan type and related collateral, classification status, remaining term of the loan (in months), fixed or variable interest rate, past delinquencies, timing of principal and interest payments, current market rates, LTV, and current discount rates. The discount rate did not include an explicit factor for credit losses, as it was included as a reduction to the estimated cash flows. Large loans were specifically reviewed to evaluate credit risk. Additionally, PCD loans that were determined to have more-than-insignificant deterioration were generally identified by the delinquency status, risk rating changes, credit rating, accruing status or other indicators of credit deterioration since origination. Loans were valued individually although multiple inputs were applied to loans with similar characteristics as appropriate. These factors resulted in an $8.9 million fair value net discount to loans, which will be accreted over the remaining life of each loan. The book value of the acquired loans was $387.3 million.
 
Allowance for Credit Losses: The ACL of $8.1 million was recorded on the identified PCD loans in accordance with ASC 326. An ACL of $4.2 million was recorded on non-PCD loans and reported as provision expense during the three months ended June 30, 2025.
 
While there were significant similarities in the application of ASC 326 by Cadence and First Chatham, steps were taken by management to align the First Chatham process to ensure that the ACL reported at the time of the First Chatham merger in the table above and in all subsequent reporting periods is consistent with the ACL policies as outlined in Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, and Note 5 – Allowance for Credit Losses. These steps included conforming certain First Chatham assumptions (e.g., the reasonable and supportable forecast of future economic conditions and the reasonable and supportable forecast period, among others) to that of Cadence.
 
Intangible assets: Core deposit intangible asset represents the value of the relationships with deposit clients. The fair value for the core deposit intangible asset was estimated based on a discounted cash flow methodology that gave appropriate consideration to expected client attrition rates, net maintenance cost of the deposit base, alternative costs of funds, and the interest costs associated with the client deposits. The core deposit intangible asset is being amortized over its estimated useful life of approximately ten years utilizing an accelerated method.
 
ROU Assets and Lease Liabilities: ROU assets and lease liabilities were measured using a methodology that involved estimating the future rental payments over the remaining lease term with discounting using a fully-collateralized discount rate. The lease term was determined for individual leases based on management’s assessment of the probability of exercising existing renewal options. Adjustments for any off-market terms in a lease were also discounted and applied to the balance of the lease asset.
 
Premises: Land and buildings held for use were valued at appraised values, which reflect considerations of recent disposition values for similar property types with adjustments for characteristics of individual properties.
 
Deposits: The fair values used for the demand and savings deposits by definition equal the amount payable on demand at the acquisition date. Fair values for time deposits were estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis applying the prevailing market interest rates currently offered to the contractual interest rates on such time deposits.
 
Borrowings: The fair value of the junior subordinated debentures were estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation. The valuation took into consideration comparable market rates and management’s execution of the call option in the first available period. The finalization of these analyses through the measurement period is not expected to significantly impact the income statement.

17

The following table presents certain unaudited pro forma information for the results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2025, as if First Chatham had been acquired on January 1, 2024. The pro forma results combine the historical results of First Chatham into the Company’s consolidated income statements including the impact of certain acquisition accounting adjustments including loan discount accretion,  investment securities discount accretion, intangible assets amortization and deposit premium accretion. The pro forma results have been prepared for comparative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of what would have occurred had the acquisition taken place on January 1, 2024. No assumptions have been applied to the pro forma results of operations regarding possible revenue enhancements, provision for credit losses, expense efficiencies or asset dispositions.
 
    Six Months Ended June 30,  
   
2025
   
2024
 
(In thousands)
 
Pro Forma
   
Pro Forma
 
Total revenues (net interest income and noninterest income)
 
$
937,178
   
$
916,652
 
Net income
 
$
265,868
   
$
259,629
 
 
Revenues and earnings of the acquired company since the acquisition date have not been disclosed as it is not practicable since First Chatham was merged into the Company and separate financial information is not available or considered material.
 
FCB merger-related expenses of $1.7 million incurred during 2025 are recorded in the consolidated income statement and include incremental costs related to the closing of the transactions, including legal, accounting and auditing, investment banker fees, certain employment related costs, travel, printing, supplies, and other costs.
 
NOTE 3. AVAILABLE FOR SALE SECURITIES AND EQUITY SECURITIES
 
The amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair value of available for sale securities are presented in the following tables:

(In thousands)
 
Amortized Cost
   
Gross Unrealized Gains
   
Gross Unrealized Losses
   
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
June 30, 2025
                       
U.S. government agency securities
 
$
301,322
   
$
119
   
$
34,536
   
$
266,905
 
MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. agencies
                               
Residential pass-through:
                               
Guaranteed by GNMA
   
74,511
     
12
     
10,059
     
64,464
 
Issued by FNMA and FHLMC
   
4,697,771
     
1,438
     
532,893
     
4,166,316
 
Other residential MBS
   
2,398,533
     
18,301
     
27,772
     
2,389,062
 
Commercial MBS
   
1,530,014
     
1,824
     
76,200
     
1,455,638
 
Total MBS
   
8,700,829
     
21,575
     
646,924
     
8,075,480
 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
   
166,093
     
9
     
34,767
     
131,335
 
Corporate debt securities
   
50,750
     
     
4,751
     
45,999
 
Foreign debt securities
   
318,635
     
368
     
1,322
     
317,681
 
Total available for sale securities
 
$
9,537,629
   
$
22,071
   
$
722,300
   
$
8,837,400
 

18

(In thousands)
 
Amortized
Cost
   
Gross Unrealized Gains
   
Gross Unrealized Losses
   
Estimated
Fair
Value
 
December 31, 2024
                       
U.S. government agency securities
 
$
321,454
   
$
20
   
$
40,243
   
$
281,231
 
MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. agencies
                               
Residential pass-through:
                               
Guaranteed by GNMA
   
78,279
     
     
11,698
     
66,581
 
Issued by FNMA and FHLMC
   
4,604,954
     
16
     
639,414
     
3,965,556
 
Other residential MBS
   
958,911
     
6,110
     
30,300
     
934,721
 
Commercial MBS
   
1,645,065
     
1,605
     
97,029
     
1,549,641
 
Total MBS
   
7,287,209
     
7,731
     
778,441
     
6,516,499
 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
   
167,743
     
10
     
35,684
     
132,069
 
Corporate debt securities
   
52,751
     
     
5,349
     
47,402
 
Foreign debt securities
   
318,539
     
443
     
2,195
     
316,787
 
Total available for sale securities
 
$
8,147,696
   
$
8,204
   
$
861,912
   
$
7,293,988
 
 
For the three months ended June 30, 2025, gross gains of $2 thousand and gross losses of $2 thousand were recognized for available for sale securities, compared to gross gains of $1 thousand and gross losses of $5 thousand for the same period in 2024. There were no impairment charges related to credit losses included in gross realized losses for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
 
For the six months ended June 30, 2025, gross gains of $3 thousand and gross losses of $12 thousand were recognized for available for sale securities, compared to gross gains of $3 thousand and gross losses of $15 thousand for the same period in 2024. There were no impairment charges related to credit losses included in gross realized losses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
 
Available for sale securities with a carrying value of $3.8 billion and $4.0 billion at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, were pledged to secure public and trust funds on deposit and for other purposes.
 
There were no securities held for trading or held-to-maturity at June 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.
 
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available for sale securities at June 30, 2025 by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
 
(In thousands)
 
Amortized
Cost
   
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Maturing in one year or less
 
$
   
$
 
Maturing after one year through five years
   
106,686
     
104,996
 
Maturing after five years through ten years
   
500,107
     
479,196
 
Maturing after ten years
   
230,007
     
177,728
 
Mortgage-backed securities
   
8,700,829
     
8,075,480
 
Total available for sale securities
 
$
9,537,629
   
$
8,837,400
 

19

At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, approximately 67.1% and 80.4% of securities were in an unrealized loss position, respectively. At June 30, 2025, there were 864 securities in a loss position for more than twelve months, and 24 securities in a loss position for less than twelve months. At December 31, 2024, there were 871 securities in a loss position for more than twelve months, and 33 securities in a loss position for less than twelve months. A summary of available for sale investments with continuous unrealized loss positions for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded is as follows:
 
   
Less Than 12 Months
   
12 Months or Longer
 
(In thousands)
 
Fair
Value
   
Unrealized Losses
   
Fair
Value
   
Unrealized Losses
 
June 30, 2025
                       
U.S. government agency securities
 
$
22,736
   
$
60
   
$
206,310
   
$
34,476
 
MBS
   
554,460
     
2,308
     
4,926,499
     
644,616
 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
   
     
     
120,948
     
34,767
 
Corporate debt securities
   
     
     
44,000
     
4,751
 
Foreign debt securities
   
     
     
53,678
     
1,322
 
Total
 
$
577,196
   
$
2,368
   
$
5,351,435
   
$
719,932
 

   
Less Than 12 Months
   
12 Months or Longer
 
(In thousands)
 
Fair
Value
   
Unrealized Losses
   
Fair
Value
   
Unrealized Losses
 
December 31, 2024
                       
U.S. government agency securities
 
$
74,795
   
$
221
   
$
200,798
   
$
40,022
 
MBS
   
249,197
     
2,314
     
5,123,218
     
776,127
 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
   
303
     
7
     
121,117
     
35,677
 
Corporate debt securities
   
7,474
     
2,527
     
37,928
     
2,822
 
Foreign debt securities
   
     
     
52,806
     
2,195
 
Total
 
$
331,769
   
$
5,069
   
$
5,535,867
   
$
856,843
 
 
Management evaluates available for sale securities in unrealized loss positions to determine whether the impairment is attributable to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. Credit loss is defined as the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis. Management believes that the unrealized losses detailed in the previous tables are due to noncredit-related factors, such as changes in interest rates and other market conditions. Therefore, no allowance for credit losses was recorded related to these securities at June 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024. Additionally, as of June 30, 2025 management had no intent to sell these securities, and it is more likely than not that the Company would not be required to sell the securities prior to recovery of costs. The fair value of these securities is expected to recover as they approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline.
 
Reported in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, equity investments with readily determinable fair values not held for trading are recorded at fair value, with changes in fair value reported in net income. Additionally, the Company reports equity investments without readily determinable fair values in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. These investments include investments in the common stock of the FHLB of Dallas and the FRB of St. Louis. The Company is required to own stock in the FHLB of Dallas for membership in the FHLB system and in relation to the level of FHLB advances. The Company is also required to purchase and hold shares of capital stock in the FRB of St. Louis for membership in the Federal Reserve System. The Company accounts for these investments as long-term assets and carries them at cost. During the periods ended June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no downward or upward adjustments to these investments for impairments or price changes from observable transactions.

20

(In thousands)
 
Cost
   
Gross Unrealized Gains
   
Gross Unrealized Losses
   
Carrying Value
 
June 30, 2025
                       
Equity securities held at cost:
                       
FRB stock
 
$
102,379
   
$
   
$
   
$
102,379
 
FHLB stock
   
142,762
     
     
     
142,762
 
Other equity securities
   
20,582
     
     
     
20,582
 
Total equity securities, held at cost
 
$
265,723
   
$
   
$
   
$
265,723
 
Equity securities held at fair value:
                               
Farmer Mac stock
 
$
49
   
$
531
   
$
   
$
580
 
Affordable Housing MBS Exchange Traded Fund
   
24,994
     
     
3,609
     
21,385
 
Total equity securities, held at fair value
 
$
25,043
   
$
531
   
$
3,609
   
$
21,965
 

 
 
(In thousands)
 
Cost
   
Gross Unrealized Gains
   
Gross Unrealized Losses
   
Carrying Value
 
December 31, 2024
                       
Equity securities held at cost:
                       
FRB stock
 
$
100,567
   
$
   
$
   
$
100,567
 
FHLB stock
   
10,410
     
     
     
10,410
 
Other equity securities
   
20,582
     
     
     
20,582
 
Total equity securities, held at cost
 
$
131,559
   
$
   
$
   
$
131,559
 
Equity securities held at fair value:
                               
Farmer Mac stock
 
$
49
   
$
543
   
$
   
$
592
 
Affordable Housing MBS Exchange Traded Fund
   
24,994
     
     
3,908
     
21,086
 
Total equity securities, held at fair value
 
$
25,043
   
$
543
   
$
3,908
   
$
21,678
 

21

NOTE 4. LOANS AND LEASES
 
The following table is a summary of our loan and lease portfolio aggregated by segment and class at the periods indicated:
 
(In thousands)
 
June 30, 2025
   
December 31, 2024
 
Commercial and industrial
           
Non-real estate
 
$
9,049,094
   
$
8,670,529
 
Owner occupied
   
4,762,408
     
4,665,015
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
13,811,502
     
13,335,544
 
Commercial real estate
 
Construction, acquisition and development
   
3,464,124
     
3,909,184
 
Income producing
   
7,025,539
     
6,015,773
 
Total commercial real estate
   
10,489,663
     
9,924,957
 
Consumer
 
Residential mortgages
   
10,951,618
     
10,267,883
 
Other consumer
   
212,398
     
213,371
 
Total consumer
   
11,164,016
     
10,481,254
 
Total loans and leases, net of unearned income (1) (2)
 
$
35,465,181
   
$
33,741,755
 
 
(1)
Total loans and leases are net of $23.9 million and $21.4 million of unearned income at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
 
(2)
Total loans and leases include $382.6 million of FCB loans acquired on May 1, 2025. See Note 2 for additional details.
 
The Company engages in lending to consumers, small and medium-sized business enterprises, and government entities through its community banking locations and to regional and national business enterprises through its corporate banking division. The bank acts as agent or participant in SNC and other financing arrangements with other financial institutions. Loans are issued generally to finance home purchases and improvements, personal expenditures, business investment and operations, construction and development, and income producing properties. Loans are underwritten to be repaid primarily by available cash flow from personal income, investment income, business operations, rental income, or the sale of developed or constructed properties. Collateral and personal guaranties of business owners are generally required as a condition of the financing arrangements and provide additional cash flow and proceeds from asset sales of guarantors in the event primary sources of repayment are no longer sufficient.
 
While loans are structured to provide protection to the Company if borrowers are unable to repay as agreed, the Company recognizes there are numerous risks that may result in deterioration of the repayment ability of borrowers and guarantors. These risks include failure of business operations due to economic, legal, market, logistical, weather, health, governmental and force majeure events. Concentrations in the Company’s loan and lease portfolio also present credit risks. The impact of a slowing economy, inflation, higher interest rates, and labor and supply chain shortages, poses additional risk to borrowers and financial institutions. As a result of these factors, there is risk for businesses to experience difficulty in meeting repayment obligations, and the Company may experience losses or deterioration in performance in its loan portfolio. For information regarding nonaccrual policies, past-dues or delinquency status, and recognizing write-offs within ACL, refer to “Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” included in Part II., Item 8 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 
The Company has identified the following segments and classes of loans and leases with similar risk characteristics for measuring expected credit losses:
 
Commercial and Industrial
 
Non-Real Estate – Commercial and industrial loans are loans and leases to finance business operations, equipment and owner-occupied facilities for small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as larger corporate borrowers. These include both lines of credit and term loans which are amortized over the useful life of the assets financed. Personal and/or corporate guarantees are generally obtained where available and prudent. This category also includes loans to finance agricultural production. The Company recognizes risk from economic cycles, commodity prices, government regulation, supply-chain disruptions, product innovations or obsolescence, operational errors, lawsuits, natural disasters, losses due to fraud, theft or embezzlement, loss of sponsor support, health or loss of key personnel or competitive situations may adversely affect the scheduled repayment of business loans. In addition, risks in the agricultural sector including crop failures due to weather, insects and other blights, commodity prices, governmental intervention, lawsuits, labor or logistical disruptions.

22

Owner Occupied – Owner occupied loans include loans secured by business facilities to finance business operations, equipment and owner-occupied facilities primarily for small and medium-sized enterprises. These include both lines of credit and term loans which are amortized over the useful life of the assets financed. Personal guarantees, if applicable, are generally required for these loans. The Company recognizes that risk from economic cycles, government regulation, supply-chain disruptions, product innovations or obsolescence, operational errors, lawsuits, natural disasters, losses due to theft or embezzlement, health or loss of key personnel, or competitive situations may adversely affect the scheduled repayment of business loans.
 
Commercial Real Estate
 
Construction, Acquisition and Development – CAD loans include both loans and credit lines for the purpose of purchasing, carrying, and developing land into residential subdivisions or various types of commercial developments, such as industrial, warehouse, retail, office, and multi-family. This category also includes loans and credit lines for construction of residential, multi-family and commercial buildings. The Company generally engages in CAD lending primarily in local markets served by its branches. The Company recognizes that risks are inherent in the financing of real estate development and construction. These risks include location, market conditions and price volatility, change in interest rates, demand for developed land, lots and buildings, desirability of features and styling of completed developments and buildings, competition from other developments and builders, traffic patterns, remote work patterns, governmental jurisdiction, tax structure, availability of utilities, roads, public transportation and schools, availability of permanent financing for homebuyers, zoning, environmental restrictions, lawsuits, economic and business cycle, labor, and reputation of the builder or developer.
 
Each CAD loan is underwritten to address: (i) the desirability of the project, its market viability and projected absorption period; (ii) the creditworthiness of the borrower and the guarantor as to liquidity, cash flow and assets available to ensure performance of the loan; (iii) equity contribution to the project; (iv) the developer’s experience and success with similar projects; and (v) the value of the collateral.
 
A substantial portion of CAD loans are secured by real estate in markets in which the Company is located. The Company’s loan policy generally prohibits loans for the sole purpose of carrying interest reserves. Certain of the construction, acquisition and development loans were structured with interest-only terms. A portion of the residential mortgage and CRE portfolios were originated through the permanent financing of construction, acquisition and development loans. Higher interest rates and the potential for slowing economic conditions could negatively impact borrowers’ and guarantors’ ability to repay their debt which would make more of the Company’s loans collateral-dependent.
 
Income Producing – CRE loans include loans to finance income-producing commercial and multi-family properties. Lending in this category is generally limited to properties located in the Company’s market area with only limited exposure to properties located elsewhere but owned by in-market borrowers. Loans in this category include loans for neighborhood retail centers, medical and professional offices, single retail stores, industrials and apartments leased generally to local businesses and residents. The underwriting of these loans takes into consideration the occupancy and rental rates as well as the financial health of the borrower. The Company’s exposure to national retail tenants is limited. The Company recognizes that risk from economic cycles, government restrictions, delayed or missed rent payments, supply-chain disruptions, operational errors, lawsuits, natural disasters, losses due to theft or embezzlement, health or loss of key personnel or competitive situations may adversely affect the scheduled repayment of business loans.
 
Consumer
 
Residential Mortgages – Residential mortgages are first or second-lien loans to consumers secured by a primary residence or second home. This category includes traditional mortgages, home equity loans and revolving lines of credit. The loans are generally secured by properties located within the local market area of the community bank which originates and services the loan. These loans are underwritten in accordance with the Company’s general loan policies and procedures which require, among other things, proper documentation of each borrower’s financial condition, satisfactory credit history, and property value. In addition to loans originated through the Company’s branches, the Company originates and services residential mortgages sold in the secondary market which are underwritten and closed pursuant to investor and agency guidelines. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, residential mortgage loans in process of foreclosure totaled $14.4 million and $19.7 million, respectively. Additionally, the Company held $6.9 million and $4.4 million in foreclosed residential properties at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

23

Other Consumer – Other consumer lending includes consumer credit cards as well as personal revolving lines of credit and installment loans. The Company offers credit cards, primarily to its deposit and loan customers. Consumer installment loans generally includes term loans secured by automobiles, boats and recreational vehicles.
 
The Company recognizes there are risks in consumer lending which include interruptions in the borrower’s personal and investment income due to loss of employment, market conditions, and general economic conditions, deterioration in the health and well-being of the borrower and family members, natural disasters, lawsuits, losses, or inability to generate income due to injury, accidents, theft, vandalism, or incarceration.
 
Credit Quality
 
The following tables provide details regarding the aging of the Company’s loan and lease portfolio, net of unearned income, at the periods indicated:
 
    June 30, 2025  
(In thousands)
 
30-59
Days
Past Due
   
60-89
Days
Past Due
   
90+ Days Past Due
   
Total
Past Due
   
Current
   
Total
Amortized Cost
   
90+ Days
Past Due
still
Accruing
 
Commercial and industrial                                          
Non-real estate          
  $ 49,057    
$
7,917
   
$
82,264
   
$
139,238
   
$
8,909,856
   
$
9,049,094
   
$
798
 
Owner occupied
    5,910      
2,018
     
13,656
     
21,584
     
4,740,824
     
4,762,408
     
139
 
Total commercial and industrial
    54,967      
9,935
     
95,920
     
160,822
     
13,650,680
     
13,811,502
     
937
 
Commercial real estate                                                        
Construction, acquisition and development
    13,619      
290
     
8,508
     
22,417
     
3,441,707
     
3,464,124
     
25
 
Income producing
    7,669      
368
     
4,260
     
12,297
     
7,013,242
     
7,025,539
     
 
Total commercial real estate
    21,288      
658
     
12,768
     
34,714
     
10,454,949
     
10,489,663
     
25
 
Consumer                                                        
Residential mortgages
    72,213      
37,220
     
52,300
     
161,733
     
10,789,885
     
10,951,618
     
3,933
 
Other consumer
    1,033       440       544       2,017       210,381       212,398       313  
Total consumer
    73,246
      37,660
      52,844
      163,750
      11,000,266
      11,164,016
      4,246
 
Total
  $ 149,501    
$
48,253
    $ 161,532     $ 359,286     $ 35,105,895     $ 35,465,181    
$
5,208
 
 
    December 31, 2024  
(In thousands)
 
30-59
Days
Past Due
   
60-89
Days
Past Due
   
90+ Days
Past Due
   
Total
Past Due
   
Current
   
Total Amortized Cost
   
90+ Days
Past Due
still
Accruing
 
                                           
Commercial and industrial
                                         
Non-real estate
 
$
13,443
   
$
28,379
   
$
101,873
   
$
143,695
   
$
8,526,834
   
$
8,670,529
   
$
8,115
 
Owner occupied
   
10,375
     
3,836
     
16,280
     
30,491
     
4,634,524
     
4,665,015
     
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
23,818
     
32,215
     
118,153
     
174,186
     
13,161,358
     
13,335,544
     
8,115
 
Commercial real estate
                                                       
Construction, acquisition and development
   
4,254
     
663
     
8,579
     
13,496
     
3,895,688
     
3,909,184
     
 
Income producing
   
3,971
     
1,226
     
12,193
     
17,390
     
5,998,383
     
6,015,773
     
 
Total commercial real estate
   
8,225
     
1,889
     
20,772
     
30,886
     
9,894,071
     
9,924,957
     
 
Consumer                                                        
Residential mortgages
   
60,009
     
28,937
     
61,578
     
150,524
     
10,117,359
     
10,267,883
     
4,750
 
Other consumer
   
1,587
     
455
     
413
     
2,455
     
210,916
     
213,371
     
261
 
Total consumer
   
61,596
     
29,392
     
61,991
     
152,979
     
10,328,275
     
10,481,254
     
5,011
 
Total
  $
93,639
    $
63,496
    $
200,916
    $
358,051
    $
33,383,704
    $
33,741,755
    $
13,126
 

24

The Company utilizes an internal loan classification system that is continually updated to grade loans according to certain credit quality indicators. These credit quality indicators include, but are not limited to, recent credit performance, delinquency, liquidity, cash flows, debt coverage ratios, collateral type and loan-to-value ratio. The Company’s internal loan classification system is compatible with classifications used by regulatory agencies. Loans may be classified as follows:
 
Pass: Loans which are performing as agreed with few or no signs of weakness. These loans show sufficient cash flow, capital and collateral to repay the loan as agreed.
 
Special Mention: Loans where potential weaknesses have developed which could cause a more serious problem if not corrected.
 
Substandard: Loans where well-defined weaknesses exist that require corrective action to prevent further deterioration. Loans are further characterized by the possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
 
Doubtful: Loans having all the characteristics of Substandard and which have deteriorated to a point where collection and liquidation in full is highly questionable.
 
Loss: Loans that are considered uncollectible or with limited possible recovery.
 
Impaired: An internal grade for individually analyzed collateral-dependent loans for which a specific provision has been considered to address the unsupported exposure.
 
PCD (Loss): An internal grade for loans with evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination that are acquired, and for which it is probable, at acquisition, that the bank will be unable to collect all contractually required payments.
 
The following tables provide details of the Company’s loan and lease portfolio, net of unearned income, by segment, class and internally assigned grade at the periods indicated:
 
    June 30, 2025  
(In thousands)
 
Pass
   
Special Mention (1)
   
Substandard (1)
   
Doubtful
   
Impaired (1)
   
PCD (Loss) (1)
   
Total
 
Commercial and industrial
                                         
Non-real estate 
  $ 8,516,718    
$
157,279
   
$
344,254
   
$
8,369
   
$
19,112
   
$
3,362
   
$
9,049,094
 
Owner occupied
    4,719,527      
7,886
     
28,021
     
     
6,974
     
     
4,762,408
 
Total commercial and industrial
    13,236,245      
165,165
     
372,275
     
8,369
     
26,086
     
3,362
     
13,811,502
 
Commercial real estate
                                                       
Construction, acquisition and development
   
3,452,247
     
1,634
     
4,400
     
     
5,843
     
     
3,464,124
 
Income producing
   
6,776,961
     
53,088
     
188,979
     
     
2,218
     
4,293
     
7,025,539
 
Total commercial real estate
   
10,229,208
     
54,722
     
193,379
     
     
8,061
     
4,293
     
10,489,663
 
Consumer
                                                       
Residential mortgages
   
10,847,867
     
9,008
     
89,257
     
      4,075      
1,411
     
10,951,618
 
Other consumer
   
211,722
     
     
676
     
           
     
212,398
 
Total consumer
   
11,059,589
     
9,008
     
89,933
     
      4,075      
1,411
     
11,164,016
 
Total
  $ 34,525,042     $ 228,895     $ 655,587     $ 8,369     $ 38,222    
$
9,066     $ 35,465,181  
 
(1)
In the loan classifications above, $7.9 million of the special mention balance, $106.0 million of the substandard balance, $8.3 million of the impaired balance, and $3.5 million of the PCD (Loss) balance are covered by government guarantees from either the SBA, FHA, VA and USDA.

\
25

   
December 31, 2024
 
 (In thousands)   Pass
   
Special
Mention
    Substandard (1)     Doubtful     Impaired (1)     PCD (Loss)
    Total  
Commercial and industrial
                                         
Non-real estate
 
$
8,208,176
   
$
106,996
   
$
311,096
   
$
8,743
   
$
31,996
   
$
3,522
   
$
8,670,529
 
Owner occupied
   
4,610,775
     
815
     
41,363
     
     
10,968
     
1,094
     
4,665,015
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
12,818,951
     
107,811
     
352,459
     
8,743
     
42,964
     
4,616
     
13,335,544
 
Commercial real estate
                                                       
Construction, acquisition and development
   
3,896,856
     
     
12,262
     
     
66
     
     
3,909,184
 
Income producing
   
5,850,702
     
5,094
     
144,084
     
     
15,893
     
     
6,015,773
 
Total commercial real estate
   
9,747,558
     
5,094
     
156,346
     
     
15,959
     
     
9,924,957
 
Consumer
                                                       
Residential mortgages
   
10,167,830
     
891
     
89,597
     
     
8,154
     
1,411
     
10,267,883
 
Other consumer
   
212,865
     
     
506
     
     
     
     
213,371
 
Total consumer
   
10,380,695
     
891
     
90,103
     
     
8,154
     
1,411
     
10,481,254
 
Total
 
$
32,947,204
   
$
113,796
   
$
598,908
   
$
8,743
   
$
67,077
   
$
6,027
   
$
33,741,755
 

(1)
In the loan classifications above, $99.0 million of the substandard balance and $11.1 million of the impaired balance is covered by government guarantees from the SBA, FHA, VA and USDA.
 
The following tables provide credit quality indicators, including gross charge-offs, by class and period of origination (vintage) at June 30, 2025:
 
   
Commercial and Industrial - Non-Real Estate
 
    Period Originated:
                   
(Dollars in thousands)
  2025
    2024     2023
    2022
    2021
    Prior
   
Revolving
Loans
   
Revolving
Loans
Converted
to Term
    Total  
Pass
 
$
922,953
   
$
1,446,350
   
$
814,425
   
$
835,925
   
$
473,333
   
$
674,667
   
$
3,345,475
   
$
3,590
   
$
8,516,718
 
Special Mention
   
884
     
9,571
     
17,077
     
5,011
     
61,815
     
32,072
     
30,849
     
     
157,279
 
Substandard
   
1,216
     
19,020
     
66,393
     
52,077
     
48,032
     
46,504
     
84,790
     
26,222
     
344,254
 
Doubtful
   
     
     
     
     
8,369
     
     
     
     
8,369
 
Impaired
   
     
     
     
500
     
8,128
     
     
10,484
     
     
19,112
 
PCD (Loss)
   
     
     
     
     
     
3,362
     
     
     
3,362
 
Total
 
$
925,053
   
$
1,474,941
   
$
897,895
   
$
893,513
   
$
599,677
   
$
756,605
   
$
3,471,598
   
$
29,812
   
$
9,049,094
 
% Criticized
   
0.2
%
   
1.9
%
   
9.3
%
   
6.4
%
   
21.1
%
   
10.8
%
   
3.6
%
   
88.0
%
   
5.9
%
Gross charge-offs YTD
 
$
527
   
$
425
   
$
3,173
   
$
7,462
   
$
436
   
$
1,068
   
$
24,640
   
$
   
$
37,731
 

    Commercial and Industrial - Owner Occupied  
    Period Originated:                    
(Dollars in thousands) 
  2025     2024
    2023     2022
    2021
    Prior    
Revolving
Loans
   
Revolving
Loans
Converted to
Term
    Total  
Pass
 
$
383,921
   
$
636,180
   
$
598,103
   
$
874,236
   
$
710,843
   
$
1,390,891
   
$
125,353
   
$
   
$
4,719,527
 
Special Mention
   
1,029
     
550
     
802
     
2,164
     
714
     
2,627
     
     
     
7,886
 
Substandard
   
65
     
3,081
     
2,386
     
3,902
     
3,913
     
14,419
     
255
     
     
28,021
 
Impaired
   
     
     
2,319
     
3,380
     
     
1,275
     
     
     
6,974
 
Total
 
$
385,015
   
$
639,811
   
$
603,610
   
$
883,682
   
$
715,470
   
$
1,409,212
   
$
125,608
   
$
   
$
4,762,408
 
% Criticized
   
0.3
%
   
0.6
%
   
0.9
%
   
1.1
%
   
0.6
%
   
1.3
%
   
0.2
%
   
%
   
0.9
%
Gross charge-offs YTD
 
$
   
$
394
   
$
799
   
$
99
   
$
260
   
$
59
   
$
89
   
$
   
$
1,700
 
 
26

   
Commercial Real Estate - Construction, Acquisition, & Development
 
    Period Originated:                    
(Dollars in thousands)    2025     2024     2023     2022     2021     Prior    
Revolving
Loans
   
Revolving
Loans
Converted to
Term
    Total  
Pass
 
$
589,148
   
$
1,146,563
   
$
449,097
   
$
725,385
   
$
374,920
   
$
119,101
   
$
48,033
   
$
   
$
3,452,247
 
Special Mention
   
     
1,035
     
174
     
205
     
19
     
201
     
     
     
1,634
 
Substandard
   
     
1,114
     
2,027
     
482
     
10
     
593
     
174
     
     
4,400
 
Impaired
   
     
     
     
     
5,777
     
66
     
     
     
5,843
 
Total
 
$
589,148
   
$
1,148,712
   
$
451,298
   
$
726,072
   
$
380,726
   
$
119,961
   
$
48,207
   
$
   
$
3,464,124
 
% Criticized
   
%
   
0.2
%
   
0.5
%
   
0.1
%
   
1.5
%
   
0.7
%
   
0.4
%
   
%
   
0.3
%
Gross charge-offs YTD
 
$
   
$
   
$
147
   
$
190
   
$
   
$
   
$
   
$
   
$
337
 

   
Commercial Real Estate - Income Producing
 
    Period Originated:                    
(Dollars in thousands)
  2025     2024     2023     2022
    2021
    Prior
   
Revolving
Loans
   
Revolving
Loans
Converted to
Term
    Total  
Pass
 
$
458,394
   
$
632,547
   
$
641,103
   
$
2,019,720
   
$
1,167,784
   
$
1,719,422
   
$
137,991
   
$
   
$
6,776,961
 
Special Mention
   
     
     
1,921
     
35,289
     
15,160
     
718
     
     
     
53,088
 
Substandard
   
     
     
1,383
     
3,938
     
23,453
     
160,045
     
160
     
     
188,979
 
Impaired
   
     
     
     
     
     
2,218
     
     
     
2,218
 
PCD (Loss)
   
     
     
     
4,293
     
     
     
     
     
4,293
 
Total
 
$
458,394
   
$
632,547
   
$
644,407
   
$
2,063,240
   
$
1,206,397
   
$
1,882,403
   
$
138,151
   
$
   
$
7,025,539
 
% Criticized
   
%
   
%
   
0.5
%
   
2.1
%
   
3.2
%
   
8.7
%
   
0.1
%
   
%
   
3.5
%
Gross charge-offs YTD
 
$
   
$
   
$
252
   
$
662
   
$
240
   
$
3,631
   
$
   
$
   
$
4,785
 

   
Consumer - Residential Mortgages
 
    Period Originated:                    
(Dollars in thousands)   2025
    2024
    2023
    2022     2021
    Prior
   
Revolving
Loans
   
Revolving
Loans
Converted to
Term
    Total  
Pass
 
$
945,749
   
$
1,337,190
   
$
1,464,185
   
$
1,924,223
   
$
1,461,028
   
$
2,536,343
   
$
1,177,948
   
$
1,201
   
$
10,847,867
 
Special Mention
   
945
     
483
     
950
     
3,037
     
813
     
2,570
     
210
     
     
9,008
 
Substandard
   
42
     
1,467
     
10,376
     
16,462
     
16,333
     
40,785
     
3,792
     
     
89,257
 
Impaired
   
     
     
1,222
     
     
174
     
2,679
     
     
     
4,075
 
PCD (Loss)
   
     
     
     
     
     
1,411
     
     
     
1,411
 
Total
 
$
946,736
   
$
1,339,140
   
$
1,476,733
   
$
1,943,722
   
$
1,478,348
   
$
2,583,788
   
$
1,181,950
   
$
1,201
   
$
10,951,618
 
% Criticized
   
0.1
%
   
0.1
%
   
0.8
%
   
1.0
%
   
1.2
%
   
1.8
%
   
0.3
%
   
%
   
0.9
%
Gross charge-offs YTD
 
$
   
$
78
   
$
234
   
$
1,514
   
$
645
   
$
402
   
$
367
   
$
   
$
3,240
 

27

   
Consumer - Other Consumer
 
    Period Originated:                  
(Dollars in thousands)   2025     2024     2023     2022     2021     Prior    
Revolving
Loans
   
Revolving
Loans
Converted to
Term
    Total  
Pass
 
$
33,199
   
$
30,926
   
$
20,764
   
$
7,071
   
$
4,069
   
$
3,715
   
$
111,978
   
$
   
$
211,722
 
Substandard
   
     
129
     
193
     
2
     
29
     
5
     
318
     
     
676
 
Total
 
$
33,199
   
$
31,055
   
$
20,957
   
$
7,073
   
$
4,098
   
$
3,720
   
$
112,296
   
$
   
$
212,398
 
% Criticized
   
%
   
0.4
%
   
0.9
%
   
%
   
0.7
%
   
0.1
%
   
0.3
%
   
%
   
0.3
%
Gross charge-offs YTD
 
$
1,296
   
$
207
   
$
120
   
$
76
   
$
7
   
$
52
   
$
1,502
   
$
   
$
3,260
 

The following tables provide credit quality indicators, including gross charge-offs, by class and period of origination (vintage) at December 31, 2024.
 
   
Commercial and Industrial - Non-Real Estate
 
    Period Originated:                    
(Dollars in thousands) 
  2024     2023     2022     2021     2020     Prior    
Revolving
Loans
   
Revolving
Loans
Converted to
Term
    Total  
Pass
 
$
1,361,684
   
$
926,422
   
$
1,036,579
   
$
695,625
   
$
209,100
   
$
563,337
   
$
3,397,031
   
$
18,398
   
$
8,208,176
 
Special Mention
   
13,242
     
10,942
     
     
23,158
     
18,337
     
     
41,317
     
     
106,996
 
Substandard
   
8,855
     
49,842
     
70,136
     
43,832
     
12,370
     
27,648
     
75,638
     
22,775
     
311,096
 
Doubtful
   
     
     
     
8,743
     
     
     
     
     
8,743
 
Impaired
   
     
1,485
     
2,773
     
9,013
     
     
     
18,725
     
     
31,996
 
PCD (Loss)
   
     
     
     
     
     
3,522
     
     
     
3,522
 
Total
 
$
1,383,781
   
$
988,691
   
$
1,109,488
   
$
780,371
   
$
239,807
   
$
594,507
   
$
3,532,711
   
$
41,173
   
$
8,670,529
 
% Criticized
   
1.6
%
   
6.3
%
   
6.6
%
   
10.9
%
   
12.8
%
   
5.2
%
   
3.8
%
   
55.3
%
   
5.3
%
Gross charge-offs YTD
 
$
1,892
   
$
7,811
   
$
22,112
   
$
15,703
   
$
956
   
$
16,786
   
$
7,416
   
$
4,018
   
$
76,694
 

   
Commercial and Industrial - Owner Occupied
 
    Period Originated:                    
(Dollars in thousands)    2024
    2023
    2022
    2021     2020
    Prior
   
Revolving
Loans
   
Revolving
Loans
Converted to
Term
    Total  
Pass
 
$
704,999
   
$
607,548
   
$
893,114
   
$
756,156
   
$
402,671
   
$
1,122,908
   
$
123,149
   
$
230
   
$
4,610,775
 
Special Mention
   
     
     
     
     
815
     
     
     
     
815
 
Substandard
   
2,249
     
5,616
     
6,638
     
5,204
     
2,057
     
18,889
     
710
     
     
41,363
 
Impaired
   
394
     
2,335
     
5,911
     
1,053
     
     
1,275
     
     
     
10,968
 
PCD (Loss)
   
     
     
     
     
     
1,094
     
     
     
1,094
 
Total
 
$
707,642
   
$
615,499
   
$
905,663
   
$
762,413
   
$
405,543
   
$
1,144,166
   
$
123,859
   
$
230
   
$
4,665,015
 
% Criticized
   
0.4
%
   
1.3
%
   
1.4
%
   
0.8
%
   
0.7
%
   
1.9
%
   
0.6
%
   
%
   
1.2
%
Gross charge-offs YTD
 
$
   
$
1
   
$
263
   
$
6
   
$
41
   
$
67
   
$
1
   
$
   
$
379
 

28

   
Commercial Real Estate - Construction, Acquisition & Development
 
    Period Originated:                    
(Dollars in thousands) 
  2024     2023     2022     2021     2020     Prior    
Revolving
Loans
   
Revolving
Loans
Converted to
Term
    Total  
Pass
 
$
1,058,203
   
$
790,695
   
$
1,261,256
   
$
592,454
   
$
50,123
   
$
76,347
   
$
64,061
   
$
3,717
   
$
3,896,856
 
Substandard
   
264
     
2,032
     
3,514
     
5,889
     
304
     
259
     
     
     
12,262
 
Impaired
   
     
     
     
     
66
     
     
     
     
66
 
Total
 
$
1,058,467
   
$
792,727
   
$
1,264,770
   
$
598,343
   
$
50,493
   
$
76,606
   
$
64,061
   
$
3,717
   
$
3,909,184
 
% Criticized
   
%
   
0.3
%
   
0.3
%
   
1.0
%
   
0.7
%
   
0.3
%
   
%
   
%
   
0.3
%
Gross charge-offs YTD
 
$
   
$
19
   
$
101
   
$
537
   
$
35
   
$
2
   
$
85
   
$
   
$
779
 

   
Commercial Real Estate - Income Producing
 
    Period Originated:                    
(Dollars in thousands)   2024     2023     2022
    2021
    2020
    Prior    
Revolving
Loans
   
Revolving
Loans
Converted to
Term
    Total  
Pass
 
$
497,633
   
$
540,956
   
$
1,595,416
   
$
1,192,329
   
$
511,254
   
$
1,404,264
   
$
108,850
   
$
   
$
5,850,702
 
Special Mention
   
     
     
2,881
     
     
     
     
2,213
     
     
5,094
 
Substandard
   
     
459
     
468
     
7,690
     
70,889
     
64,084
     
494
     
     
144,084
 
Impaired
   
     
     
4,885
     
1,114
     
     
9,894
     
     
     
15,893
 
Total
 
$
497,633
   
$
541,415
   
$
1,603,650
   
$
1,201,133
   
$
582,143
   
$
1,478,242
   
$
111,557
   
$
   
$
6,015,773
 
% Criticized
   
%
   
0.1
%
   
0.5
%
   
0.7
%
   
12.2
%
   
5.0
%
   
2.4
%
   
%
   
2.7
%
Gross charge-offs YTD
 
$
   
$
   
$
3
   
$
21
   
$
   
$
2,479
   
$
   
$
   
$
2,503
 


 
Consumer - Residential Mortgages
 
    Period Originated:                    
(Dollars in thousands)   2024
    2023     2022     2021
    2020
    Prior
   
Revolving
Loans
   
Revolving
Loans
Converted to
Term
    Total  
Pass
 
$
1,356,015
   
$
1,477,090
   
$
1,991,600
   
$
1,545,259
   
$
992,426
   
$
1,734,512
   
$
1,069,608
   
$
1,320
   
$
10,167,830
 
Special Mention
   
101
     
790
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
891
 
Substandard
   
1,549
     
12,696
     
18,477
     
14,661
     
9,145
     
28,774
     
4,295
     
     
89,597
 
Impaired
   
     
     
     
3,979
     
1,675
     
     
2,500
     
     
8,154
 
PCD (Loss)
   
     
     
     
     
     
1,411
     
     
     
1,411
 
Total
 
$
1,357,665
   
$
1,490,576
   
$
2,010,077
   
$
1,563,899
   
$
1,003,246
   
$
1,764,697
   
$
1,076,403
   
$
1,320
   
$
10,267,883
 
% Criticized
   
0.1
%
   
0.9
%
   
0.9
%
   
1.2
%
   
1.1
%
   
1.7
%
   
0.6
%
   
%
   
1.0
%
Gross charge-offs YTD
 
$
10
   
$
325
   
$
559
   
$
430
   
$
81
   
$
749
   
$
1,007
   
$
   
$
3,161
 

   
Consumer - Other Consumer
 
    Period Originated:                          
(Dollars in thousands) 
  2024     2023     2022     2021     2020     Prior    
Revolving
Loans
   
Revolving
Loans
Converted to
Term
    Total  
Pass
 
$
45,997
   
$
29,538
   
$
11,471
   
$
6,150
   
$
3,263
   
$
2,105
   
$
114,341
   
$
   
$
212,865
 
Substandard
   
     
97
     
48
     
6
     
     
17
     
338
     
     
506
 
Total
 
$
45,997
   
$
29,635
   
$
11,519
   
$
6,156
   
$
3,263
   
$
2,122
   
$
114,679
   
$
   
$
213,371
 
% Criticized
   
%
   
0.3
%
   
0.4
%
   
0.1
%
   
%
   
0.8
%
   
0.3
%
   
%
   
0.2
%
Gross charge-offs YTD
 
$
3,067
   
$
395
   
$
303
   
$
145
   
$
14
   
$
47
   
$
2,917
   
$
   
$
6,888
 

29

The Company’s collateral-dependent loans totaled $55.7 million and $81.8 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Typically these loans are internally classified as “Impaired” and “PCD Loss.” At June 30, 2025 and  December 31, 2024, $8.4 million and $8.7 million, respectively, of these loans were classified as doubtful. At June 30, 2025, most of these loans are within the non-real estate class. Additionally, there were smaller amounts of these loans in the owner occupied, income producing, CAD, and residential mortgages classes. C&I loans are typically supported by collateral such as real estate, receivables, equipment, inventory, or by an enterprise valuation. Loans within the CRE and Consumer segments are generally secured by commercial and residential real estate.
 
Loans of $1.5 million or greater are considered for specific provision when management has determined based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the note and that the loan is collateral-dependent. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $42.2 million and $59.1 million, respectively, of collateral-dependent loans had a valuation allowance of $11.9 million and $17.3 million, respectively. The remaining balance of collateral-dependent loans of $13.5 million and $22.7 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, have sufficient collateral supporting the collection of all contractual principal and interest or were charged down to the underlying collateral’s fair value, less estimated selling costs. Therefore, such loans did not have an associated valuation allowance.
 
NPLs consist of nonaccrual loans and leases. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, NPLs totaled $231.2 million and $264.7 million, respectively. Within the NPL balance, $94.0 million of the June 30, 2025 balance and $89.9 million of the December 31, 2024 balance is covered by government guarantees from the SBA, FHA, VA or USDA.
 
The Company’s policy for all loan classifications provides that loans and leases are generally placed in nonaccrual status if, in management’s opinion, payment in full of principal or interest is not expected, unless such loan or lease is both well-secured and in the process of collection.
 
The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans on nonaccrual status by segment and class at the periods indicated:
 


June 30, 2025


December 31, 2024

                         
(In thousands)

Nonaccrual Loans


Nonaccrual Loans
with No Related
Allowance


Nonaccrual Loans


Nonaccrual Loans
with No Related
Allowance

Commercial and industrial
                       
Non-real estate
 
$
123,960
   
$
1,162
   
$
145,115
   
$
2,944
 
Owner occupied
   
18,158
     
1,212
     
16,904
     
5,128
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
142,118
     
2,374
     
162,019
     
8,072
 
Commercial real estate
                               
Construction, acquisition and development
   
9,307
     
5,843
     
8,600
     
66
 
Income producing
   
4,379
     
2,219
     
18,542
     
6,569
 
Total commercial real estate
   
13,686
     
8,062
     
27,142
     
6,635
 
Consumer
                               
Residential mortgages
   
75,076
     
174
     
75,287
     
3,979
 
Other consumer
   
363
     
     
244
     
 
Total consumer
   
75,439
     
174
     
75,531
     
3,979
 
Total
 
$
231,243
   
$
10,610
   
$
264,692
   
$
18,686
 

30

The following table presents the interest income recognized on loans on nonaccrual status by segment and class for the periods indicated:
 
   
Three Months Ended June 30,
   
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
(In thousands)
 
2025
   
2024
   
2025
   
2024
 
Commercial and industrial
                       
Non-real estate
  $
745
   
$
583
   
$
1,192
   
$
1,180
 
Owner occupied
   
318
     
65
     
353
     
137
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
1,063
     
648
     
1,545
     
1,317
 
Commercial real estate
             
Construction, acquisition and development
   
13
     
25
     
32
     
46
 
Income producing
   
58
     
25
     
297
     
65
 
Total commercial real estate
   
71
     
50
     
329
     
111
 
Consumer
                               
Residential mortgages
   
499
     
543
     
1,159
     
941
 
Other consumer
   
11
     
1
     
12
     
1
 
Total consumer
   
510
     
544
     
1,171
     
942
 
Total
 
$
1,644
   
$
1,242
   
$
3,045
   
$
2,370
 

In the ordinary course of business, management may grant concessions, which would not otherwise be considered, to borrowers that are experiencing financial difficulty. Loans identified as meeting the criteria under ASC 310 are identified as FDM. Any modification, renewal or forbearance on loans assigned a rating of “Special Mention” or worse, and loans of any rating which show evidence of financial difficulty is reviewed to determine whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and if so, which terms of the loan were modified. If the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the loan is modified via forgiveness of principal, reduction in interest rate to a rate below current market rates for issuance, payment extension or deferral for greater than six months (including extensions granted in the past 12 months), term or maturity date extension, or combination of these specific modification terms, the modification requires disclosure.
 
Under general loan modification guidance, a modification is treated as a new loan only if both of the following conditions are met: 1) the terms of the new loan are at least as favorable to the lender as the terms for comparable loans to other customers with similar collection risks, and 2) modifications to the terms of the original loan are more than minor. If either condition is not met, the modification is accounted for as the continuation of the old loan with any effect of the modification treated as a prospective adjustment to the loan’s EIR. Modifications in scope for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty may include principal forgiveness, other-than-insignificant payment delay, interest rate reduction, or a combination of modifications. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the most common individual concessions were related to term extensions and payment deferrals. Other concessions included interest rate reductions. At June 30, 2025, the Company has an outstanding unfunded commitment balance of $16.3 million to lend to three borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.
 
Upon determination by the Company that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or portion of the loan) is charged off. The amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the ACL is adjusted by this amount.

31

The following tables presents loans that were modified within the past three and six months for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by segment and class, as well as the percentage of these modified loans compared to overall loans in each segment and class, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024:


 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2025
 
(Dollars in thousands)   Payment Deferral
   
Term
Extension
    Interest Rate Reduction
    Combination Interest Rate Reduction and Payment Deferral    
Combination
Term Extension
and Interest
Rate Reduction
   
Percent of
Total Loan
Class
 
                                     
Commercial and industrial
                                   
Non-real estate
 
$
17,991
   
$
19,458
   
$
265
   
$
175
   
$
4,114
     
0.46
%
Owner occupied
   
856
     
     
     
     
     
0.02
%
Total commercial and industrial
   
18,847
     
19,458
     
265
     
175
     
4,114
     
0.31
%
Total loans and leases, net of unearned income
 
$
18,847
   
$
19,458
   
$
265
   
$
175
   
$
4,114
     
0.12
%


    Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
 
(Dollars in thousands)  
Payment Deferral
and Term Extension
   
Term
Extension
    Interest Rate Reduction
   
Combination
Interest Rate
Reduction and
Payment Deferral
   
Combination
Term Extension
and Interest
Rate Reduction
   
Percent of
Total Loan
Class
 
Commercial and industrial                                                
Non-real estate
 
$
6,996
   
$
12,035
   
$
   
$
117
   
$
5,480
     
0.27
%
Owner occupied
   
     
1,588
     
     
     
     
0.24
%
Total commercial and industrial
   
6,966
     
13,623
     

     
117
     
5,480
     
0.19
%
Commercial real estate
                                               
Income producing
         
43,967
     
     
     
     
0.75
%
Total commercial real estate
         
43,967
     
     
     
     
0.45
%
Consumer
 

   

   

   

   

     


Residential mortgages
     —        85        65        100      
       — %
Other consumer
     20        —        —        —      
       0.01 %
Total consumer
     20        85       65
       100      
       — %
Total loans and leases, net of unearned
income
  $
 6,986     $
 57,675     $
65
    $
217
    $
5,480
       0.21 %


    Six Months Ended June 30, 2025  
(Dollars in thousands)   Payment Deferral
   
Term
Extension
    Interest Rate Reduction
   
Combination
Interest Rate
Reduction and
Payment Deferral
   
Combination
Term Extension
and Interest
Rate Reduction
   
Percent of
Total Loan
Class
 
Commercial and industrial
                                   
Non-real estate
 
$
18,375
   
$
26,414
   
$
265
   
$
175
   
$
40,599
     
0.95
%
Owner occupied
   
856
     
     
     
     
     
0.02
%
Total commercial and industrial
   
19,231
     
26,414
     
265
     
175
     
40,599
     
0.63
%
Consumer
                                               
Residential mortgages
    284      
     
     
486
     
     
0.01
%
Total consumer
    284      
     
     
486
     
     
0.01
%
Total loans and leases, net of unearned income
  $ 19,515    
$
26,414
   
$
265
   
$
661
   
$
40,599
     
0.25
%

32

    Six Months Ended June 30, 2024  
(Dollars in thousands)
 
 
Principal
Forgiveness
   
 
Payment
Deferral and
Term
Extension
   
 
Term
Extension
   
 
Interest
Rate
Reduction
   
 
Combination
Interest Rate
Reduction
and Payment
Deferral
   
 
Combination
Term
Extension and
Interest Rate
Reduction
   
 
Combination Term Extension,
Payment Deferral and
Interest Rate
Reduction
   
 
Percent of
Total Loan
Class
 
Commercial and industrial
                                               
Non-real estate         
  $ 13,546    
$
6,966
   
$
23,142
   
$
   
$
117
   
$
8,252
   
$
     
0.57
%
Owner occupied
         
     
1,588
     
     
     
1,370
     
     
0.07
 
Total commercial and industrial
    13,546      
6,966
     
24,730
     
     
117
     
9,622
     
     
0.40
 
Commercial real estate
                                                               
Income producing
         
     
45,927
     
     
     
     
12,786
     
1.00
 
Total commercial real estate
         
     
45,927
     
     
     
     
12,786
     
0.60
 
Consumer
                                                               
Residential mortgages
         
     
210
     
180
     
100
     
611
     
     
0.01
 
Other consumer
         
20
     
     
     
     
     
     
0.01
 
Total consumer
           
20
     
210
     
180
     
100
     
611
     
     
0.01
 
Total loans and leases, net of unearned income
  $ 13,546    
$
6,986
   
$
70,867
   
$
180
   
$
217
   
$
10,233
   
$
12,786
     
0.34
%

The following table presents the financial effect of the loan modifications presented above for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the following periods:
 

  Three Months Ended June 30, 2025
    Three Months Ended June 30, 2024  

 
Weighted-
Average Interest
Rate Reduction
   
Weighted-
Average Term Extension (in
years)
   
Weighted-
Average Interest
Rate Reduction
   
Weighted-
Average Term Extension (in
years)
 
Commercial and industrial
                       
Non-real estate
   
4.19
%
   
2.43
     
2.39
%
   
1.14
 
Owner occupied
   
     
     
     
10.76
 
Commercial real estate
                               
Income producing
   
     
     
     
1.24
 
Consumer
                               
Residential mortgages
   
     
     
     
0.21
 
Other consumer
   
     
     
3.69
     
2.18
 

33


  Six Months Ended June 30, 2025     Six Months Ended June 30, 2024  
(Dollars in thousands)  
Weighted-Average
Interest Rate
Reduction
    Weighted-Average Term Extension (in years)
    Principal Forgiveness
   
Weighted-
Average
Interest Rate Reduction
   
Weighted-
Average Term Extension (in
years)
 
Commercial and industrial
                             
Non-real estate
   
2.25
%
   
2.11
   
$
5,835
     
1.17
%
   
1.19
 
Owner occupied
   
     
     
     
3.91
     
14.13
 
Commercial real estate
                                       
Income producing
   
     
     
     
0.54
     
1.27
 
Consumer
                                       
Residential mortgages
   
2.50
     
     
     
3.04
     
8.49
 
Other consumer
   
     
     
     
3.69
     
2.18
 
 
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, three C&I non-real estate loans totaling $1.1 million had a payment default that was previously modified in the prior 12 months by receiving a combination term extension and interest rate reduction.
 
The Company closely monitors the performance of the loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. Loans are considered to be in payment default at 90 or more days past due. The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified in the last 12 months:

 
Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis) at June 30, 2025
 
(In thousands)
 
Current
   
30-89 Days Past Due
   
90+ Days Past Due
 
Commercial and industrial
                 
Non-real estate
 
$
65,037
   
$
34,641
   
$
1,078
 
Owner occupied
   
     
856
     
 
Commercial real estate                        
Income producing
    66,352              
Consumer            
     
 
Residential mortgages
    770
             
Total
  $ 132,159     $ 35,497     $ 1,078  
 
NOTE 5. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
 
The following table summarizes the changes in the ACL for the periods indicated:

    Three Months Ended June 30,     Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In thousands)
 
2025
   
2024
   
2025
   
2024
 
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
457,791
   
$
472,575
   
$
460,793
   
$
468,034
 
Charge-offs
   
(25,325
)
   
(26,283
)
   
(51,053
)
   
(47,919
)
Recoveries
   
4,110
     
3,730
     
6,836
     
5,907
 
Initial allowance on PCD loans
   
8,075
     
     
8,075
     
 
Provision for loan losses
   
30,000
     
20,000
     
50,000
     
44,000
 
Balance at end of period
 
$
474,651
   
$
470,022
   
$
474,651
   
$
470,022
 

34

The following tables summarize the changes in the ACL by segment and class for the periods indicated:
 
    Three Months Ended June 30, 2025  
 
(In thousands)
 
Beginning Balance
   
Initial Allowance on PCD loans
   
Charge-offs
   
Recoveries
    Provision (Release)     Ending Balance  
Commercial and industrial
                                   
Non-real estate
  $ 168,940    
$
1,209
   
$
(16,866
)
 
$
2,905
   
$
6,183
   
$
162,371
 
Owner occupied
    33,318      
2,277
     
(1,281
)
   
286
     
7,799
     
42,399
 
Total commercial and industrial
    202,258      
3,486
     
(18,147
)
   
3,191
     
13,982
     
204,770
 
 Commercial real estate
                                               
Construction, acquisition and development
   
47,030
     
267
     
(295
)
   
60
     
2,018
     
49,080
 
Income producing
   
66,645
     
4,067
     
(3,445
)
   
50
     
17,049
     
84,366
 
Total commercial real estate
   
113,675
     
4,334
     
(3,740
)
   
110
     
19,067
     
133,446
 
Consumer
                                               
Residential mortgages
   
134,803
     
246
     
(1,944
)
   
383
     
(4,662
)
   
128,826
 
Other consumer
   
7,055
     
9
     
(1,494
)
   
426
     
1,613
     
7,609
 
Total consumer
   
141,858
     
255
     
(3,438
)
   
809
     
(3,049
)
   
136,435
 
Total
 
$
457,791
   
$
8,075
   
$
(25,325
)
 
$
4,110
   
$
30,000
   
$
474,651
 
 
    Six Months Ended June 30, 2025  
(In thousands)
 
Beginning Balance
   
Initial Allowance on PCD loans
    Charge-offs
    Recoveries
    Provision (Release)
   
Ending
Balance
 
Commercial and industrial
                                   
Non-real estate
 
$
183,743
   
$
1,209
   
$
(37,731
)
 
$
4,638
   
$
10,512
   
$
162,371
 
Owner occupied
   
35,177
     
2,277
     
(1,700
)
   
375
     
6,270
     
42,399
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
218,920
     
3,486
     
(39,431
)
   
5,013
     
16,782
     
204,770
 
Commercial real estate
                                               
Construction, acquisition and development
   
44,703
     
267
     
(337
)
   
105
     
4,342
     
49,080
 
Income producing
   
64,957
     
4,067
     
(4,785
)
   
88
     
20,039
     
84,366
 
Total commercial real estate
   
109,660
     
4,334
     
(5,122
)
   
193
     
24,381
     
133,446
 
Consumer
                                               
Residential mortgages
   
125,464
     
246
     
(3,240
)
   
781
     
5,575
     
128,826
 
Other consumer
   
6,749
     
9
     
(3,260
)
   
849
     
3,262
     
7,609
 
Total consumer
   
132,213
     
255
     
(6,500
)
   
1,630
     
8,837
     
136,435
 
Total
 
$
460,793
   
$
8,075
   
$
(51,053
)
 
$
6,836
   
$
50,000
   
$
474,651
 

35

   
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
 
(In thousands)
 
Beginning Balance
   
Charge-offs
   
Recoveries
   
Provision (Release)
   
Ending
Balance
 
Commercial and industrial
                             
Non-real estate
  $ 208,599    
$
(23,140
)
 
$
2,868
   
$
10,469
   
$
198,796
 
Owner occupied
    33,675      
(200
)
   
75
   
$
675
     
34,225
 
Total commercial and industrial
    242,274      
(23,340
)
   
2,943
     
11,144
     
233,021
 
Commercial real estate
                                       
Construction, acquisition and development
   
40,386
     
(405
)
   
70
   
$
(5,407
)
   
34,644
 
Income producing
   
62,722
     
(244
)
   
31
   
$
770
     
63,279
 
Total commercial real estate
   
103,108
     
(649
)
   
101
     
(4,637
)
   
97,923
 
Consumer
                                       
Residential mortgages
   
121,464
     
(708
)
   
291
   
$
12,046
     
133,093
 
Other consumer
   
5,729
     
(1,586
)
   
395
   
$
1,447
     
5,985
 
Total consumer
   
127,193
     
(2,294
)
   
686
     
13,493
     
139,078
 
Total
 
$
472,575
   
$
(26,283
)
 
$
3,730
   
$
20,000
   
$
470,022
 
 
    Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
 
(In thousands)   Beginning Balance     Charge-offs     Recoveries     Provision    
Ending
Balance
 
Commercial and industrial                                        
Non-real estate
 
$
194,577
   
$
(40,036
)
 
$
4,102
   
$
40,153
   
$
198,796
 
Owner occupied
   
31,445
     
(301
)
   
153
   
$
2,928
     
34,225
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
226,022
     
(40,337
)
   
4,255
     
43,081
     
233,021
 
Commercial real estate
                                       
Construction, acquisition and development
   
42,118
     
(537
)
   
182
   
$
(7,119
)
   
34,644
 
Income producing
   
69,209
     
(2,356
)
   
69
   
$
(3,643
)
   
63,279
 
Total commercial real estate
   
111,327
     
(2,893
)
   
251
     
(10,762
)
   
97,923
 
Consumer
                                       
Residential mortgages
   
124,851
     
(1,303
)
   
562
   
$
8,983
     
133,093
 
Other consumer
   
5,834
     
(3,386
)
   
839
   
$
2,698
     
5,985
 
Total consumer
   
130,685
     
(4,689
)
   
1,401
     
11,681
     
139,078
 
Total
 
$
468,034
   
$
(47,919
)
 
$
5,907
   
$
44,000
   
$
470,022
 

The following table represents a roll forward of the reserve for unfunded commitments for the periods shown. The reserve for unfunded commitments is classified in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

        Three Months Ended June 30,         Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In thousands)
 
2025
   
2024
   
2025
   
2024
 
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
8,551
   
$
6,551
   
$
8,551
   
$
8,551
 
Provision for credit losses for unfunded commitments
   
1,000
     
2,000
     
1,000
     
 
Balance at end of period
 
$
9,551
    $
8,551
   
$
9,551
     $
8,551
 
 
The economic impact of persistent inflation, higher interest rates, volatility in the financial markets, and the potential for a slowing economy poses additional risk to borrowers and financial institutions. These factors add to the risk borrowers may experience difficulty in meeting repayment obligations, and the Company may experience losses or deterioration in the performance of its loan portfolio.

36

The ACL estimate is impacted by both loan portfolio changes and prevailing economic conditions during the reporting period. The unemployment rate has the highest weighting within the Company’s credit risk modeling framework. Economic forecasts, which are obtained from multiple sources, provide upside, downside, and base case scenarios over an eight-quarter forecast horizon to establish a forecast range. Management considers the scenarios and selects a blended scenario which, in management’s opinion, reflects likely economic conditions within that range. The Company recognizes that inflation, higher interest rates and a slowing economy may have short-term, long-term, and regional impacts to the economy. In addition, qualitative factors such as changes in economic conditions, concentrations of risk, and changes in portfolio risk resulting from regulatory changes are considered in determining the adequacy of the level of the ACL.
 
NOTE 6. BORROWINGS
 
Borrowings with original maturities of one year or less are classified as short-term. The following tables present information relating to short-term debt for the periods presented:
 
    June 30, 2025  
    End of Period     Year to Date Daily Average    
Maximum Outstanding
at any
Month End
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
Balance
   
Interest
Rate
   
Balance
   
Interest
Rate (1)
     
Federal funds purchased
 
$
     
%
 
$
163,812
     
4.48
%
 
$
375,000
 
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase and other
   
21,225
     
4.35
     
20,715
     
4.14
     
25,610
 
Short-term FHLB advances
   
1,575,000
     
4.30
     
603,812
     
4.31
     
1,575,000
 
Total
 
$
1,596,225
           
$
788,339
           
$
1,975,610
 

    \
December 31, 2024
 
    End of Period
    Year to Date Daily Average
   
Maximum Outstanding
at any
Month End
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
Balance
   
Interest
Rate
   
Balance
   
Interest
Rate
 
Federal funds purchased
 
$
     
%
 
$
5,077
     
5.28
%
 
$
 
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase and other
   
23,616
     
4.10
     
81,092
     
4.76
     
267,792
 
Bank Term Funding Program
   
     
     
2,845,902
     
4.79
     
3,500,000
 
Short-term FHLB advances
   
     
     
2
     
5.74
     
 
Total
  $
23,616
            $
2,932,073
            $
3,767,792
 
 
(1)
Annualized
 
Federal funds purchased generally mature the business day following the date of purchase. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had established non-binding federal funds borrowing lines of credit with other banks aggregating $2.1 billion, for both periods. Additionally, the Company maintains access to the FRB discount window borrowings which generally mature within 90 days and are collateralized by $2.0 billion in commercial, agriculture, and consumer loans pledged under a borrower-in-custody agreement as of June 30, 2025. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no borrowings from the FRB discount window.
 
Securities sold under repurchase agreements generally mature within one day from the date of sale. The Company monitors collateral levels on a continuous basis and may be required to provide additional collateral based on the fair value of the underlying securities. Collateral pledged pursuant to these repurchase agreements can include MBS issued or guaranteed by
 
U.S. agencies, U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. government agency securities.
 
The BTFP was created by the Federal Reserve to support businesses and households by making additional funding available to eligible financial institutions to help assure they have the ability to meet the needs of their depositors. The BTFP offered loans of up to one year in length to banks and other qualifying institutions pledging any collateral eligible for purchase by the FRB. The collateral was valued at its par amount and consisted primarily of MBS and U.S. government agency securities. Cadence’s BTFP borrowing was paid off during the fourth quarter of 2024. The BTFP ceased making new loans in March 2024.

37

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had a balance of $1.4 billion and $706 thousand, respectively, of long-term advances from the FHLB of Dallas. During the first half of 2025, the Company entered into $1.4 billion of long-term advances from the FHLB of Dallas with various interest rates ranging from 3.897% to 4.219% with maturities beginning in September 2026 through April 2027. In addition, the Company obtained $12.4 million of junior subordinated debt in the First Chatham acquisition. This FCB subordinated debt as well as $10.0 million of 5.000% fixed to floating rate subordinated notes were paid off in June 2025.
 
All borrowings from the FHLB are collateralized by commercial and residential real estate loans pledged under a blanket floating lien security agreement with the FHLB of Dallas. Under the terms of this agreement, the Company is required to maintain sufficient collateral to secure borrowings in an aggregate amount of the lesser of the book value (i.e., unpaid principal balance), after applicable FHLB discounts, of the Company’s eligible commercial and residential real estate loans pledged as collateral, or 35% of the Company’s assets. Loans totaling $25.8 billion and $24.4 billion at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, were pledged to the FHLB of Dallas. At June 30, 2025, the remaining borrowing availability totaled $10.1 billion. At June 30, 2025, there were no call features on long-term FHLB borrowings. Short-term FHLB borrowings mature within one year following the date of the advance.
 
The FHLB of Dallas has also issued irrevocable letters of credit totaling $47.5 million at June 30, 2025 on behalf of our customers. Of the total amount, $26.7 million expires on December 17, 2025 and $20.8 million expires on January 30, 2026.
 
NOTE 7. PENSION
 
The components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) for the periods indicated were as follows:
 
    Three Months Ended June 30,
    Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In thousands)
 
2025
   
2024
   
2025
   
2024
 
Service cost
 
$
2,330
   
$
1,907
   
$
4,660
   
$
3,814
 
Interest cost
   
2,963
     
2,941
     
5,926
     
5,882
 
Expected return on plan assets
   
(5,999
)
   
(5,741
)
   
(11,998
)
   
(11,482
)
Recognized prior service cost
   
4
     
3
     
7
     
6
 
Recognized net loss
   
724
     
733
     
1,448
     
1,466
 
Net periodic benefit cost (credit) (1)
 
$
22
   
$
(157
)
 
$
43
   
$
(314
)
 
(1)
While service cost is included in salaries and employee benefits, the other components of net periodic pension costs (credit) are included in other noninterest expense in the unaudited consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
 
NOTE 8. MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS
 
The MSR, which are recognized as a separate asset on the date the corresponding mortgage loan is sold on a servicing retained basis, is recorded at fair value as determined at each accounting period end and reported in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. An estimate of the fair value of the Company’s MSR is determined utilizing assumptions such as mortgage interest rates, discount rates, mortgage loan prepayment speeds, market trends and industry demand. Data and assumptions used in the fair value calculation related to the MSR were as follows:
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
June 30, 2025
   
December 31, 2024
 
Unpaid principal balance
 
$
8,216,970
   
$
8,043,306
 
Weighted-average prepayment speed (CPR)
   
9.4
     
8.3
 
Average discount rate (annual percentage)
   
9.8
     
10.1
 
Weighted-average coupon interest rate (percentage)
   
4.4
     
4.2
 
Weighted-average remaining maturity (months)
   
285.5
     
285.7
 
Weighted-average servicing fee (basis points)
   
28.7
     
28.7
 

38

Because the valuation is determined by using discounted cash flow models, the primary risk inherent in valuing the MSR is the impact of fluctuating interest rates on the estimated life of the servicing revenue stream. The use of different estimates or assumptions could produce different fair values. At June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had an economic hedge in place designed to cover 75.1% and 75.3% of the MSR interest rate risk, respectively. At December 31, 2024, the hedge covered 75.1% of the MSR interest rate risk (see Note 15 for additional information). The Company is susceptible to fluctuations in the fair value of its MSR in changing interest rate environments.
 
The following table summarizes activity relating to residential mortgage loans sold with servicing retained for the periods indicated:
 
    Three Months Ended June 30,     Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In thousands)   2025
    2024     2025     2024  
Residential mortgage loans sold with servicing retained
 
$
328,439
   
$
269,205
   
$
567,457
   
$
490,287
 
Pretax gains resulting from above loan sales
   
4,663
     
5,371
     
8,290
     
7,974
 
 
The Company services a class of residential mortgages that are first lien loans secured by a primary residence or second home. The following table presents changes in the fair value of the MSR related to the activity in this class for the periods indicated:
 
    Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In thousands)
 
2025
    2024  
Fair value, beginning of period
  $
114,594
   
$
106,824
 
Originations of servicing assets
   
6,528
     
6,423
 
 Changes in fair value:
               
Due to change in valuation inputs or assumptions(1)
   
(6,915
)
   
5,708
 
Other changes in fair value(2)
   
(2,583
)
 
$
(5,360
)
Fair value, end of period
 
$
111,624
   
$
113,595
 

(1)
Primarily reflects changes in prepayment speeds and discount rate assumptions which are updated based on market interest rates.
 
(2)
Primarily reflects changes due to realized cash flows.
 
All of the changes to the fair value of the MSR and the related economic hedge are recorded as part of mortgage banking revenue in the consolidated statements of income. As part of mortgage banking revenue, the Company recorded contractual servicing fees of $5.7 million and $5.3 million, and late and other ancillary fees of $1.2 million and $734 thousand for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Additionally, the Company recorded contractual servicing fees of $11.4 million and $10.7 million, and late and other ancillary fees of $2.0 million and $1.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

39

NOTE 9. FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES
 
See Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for a description of valuation methodologies for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis.
 
Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
 
The following tables present the balances of the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
 
    June 30, 2025  
(In thousands)
 
Level 1
   
Level 2
   
Level 3
   
Total
 
Assets:
                       
Available for sale securities
 
$
   
$
8,837,400
   
$
   
$
8,837,400
 
Equity investments
   
21,965
     
     
     
21,965
 
Mortgage servicing rights
   
     
     
111,624
     
111,624
 
Derivative instruments
   
2,993
     
33,366
     
3,890
     
40,249
 
Loans held for sale
   
     
272,059
     
     
272,059
 
Investments in limited partnerships
   
     
     
133,197
     
133,197
 
SBA/USDA servicing rights
   
     
     
10,214
     
10,214
 
Total
 
$
24,958
   
$
9,142,825
   
$
258,925
   
$
9,426,708
 
Liabilities:
                               
Derivative instruments
 
$
   
$
44,602
   
$
   
$
44,602
 

   
December 31, 2024
 
(In thousands)
 
Level 1
   
Level 2
   
Level 3
   
Total
 
Assets:
                       
Available for sale securities
 
$
   
$
7,293,988
   
$
   
$
7,293,988
 
Equity investments
   
21,678
     
     
     
21,678
 
Mortgage servicing rights
   
     
     
114,594
     
114,594
 
Derivative instruments
   
     
32,021
     
1,310
     
33,331
 
Loans held for sale
   
     
244,192
     
     
244,192
 
Investments in limited partnerships
   
     
     
118,710
     
118,710
 
SBA servicing rights
   
     
     
5,785
     
5,785
 
Total
 
$
21,678
   
$
7,570,201
   
$
240,399
   
$
7,832,278
 
Liabilities:
                               
Derivative instruments
 
$
3,085
   
$
45,573
   
$
15
   
$
48,673
 
 
Level 3 financial instruments typically include unobservable components but may also include some observable components that may be validated against external sources. The table below includes a roll forward of the consolidated balance sheet amounts for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, for changes in the fair value of financial instruments classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy that are recorded on a recurring basis. The gains or (losses) in the following table (which are reported in Other noninterest income in the consolidated statements of income) may include changes to fair value due, in part, to observable factors that may be part of the valuation methodology.

40

    Three Months Ended June 30, 2025  
(In thousands)
 
Mortgage
Servicing
Rights
   
Investments
in Limited Partnerships
   
SBA/
USDA
Servicing
Rights
   
Mortgage Loan
Held-For-Sale
Interest Rate Lock
Commitments
(Assets and
Liabilities)
 
Balance at March 31, 2025
 
$
110,969
   
$
125,665
   
$
5,783
   
$
2,874
 
Acquired in a business combination
   
     
     
4,783
     
 
Net (losses) gains
   
(3,077
)
   
2,142
     
(889
)
   
1,016
 
Additions
   
3,732
     
     
537
     
 
Contributions paid
   
     
8,330
     
     
 
Distributions received
   
     
(2,940
)
   
     
 
Balance at June 30, 2025
 
$
111,624
   
$
133,197
   
$
10,214
   
$
3,890
 
Net unrealized (losses) gains included in net income for the quarter relating to assets and liabilities held at June 30, 2025
 
$
(2,468
)
 
$
2,142
   
$
(889
)
 
$
1,016
 
 
   
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
 
(In thousands)
 
Mortgage
Servicing
Rights
   
Investments
in Limited Partnerships
   
SBA
Servicing
Rights
   
Mortgage Loan
Held-For-Sale
Interest Rate Lock
Commitments
(Assets and
Liabilities)
 
Balance at March 31, 2024
 
$
111,685
   
$
101,513
   
$
6,014
   
$
2,580
 
Net (losses) gains
   
(1,777
)
   
4,975
     
(319
)
   
(191
)
Additions
   
3,687
     
     
235
     
 
Contributions paid
   
     
7,027
     
     
 
Distributions received
   
     
(3,976
)
   
     
 
Balance at June 30, 2024
 
$
113,595
   
$
109,539
   
$
5,930
   
$
2,389
 
Net unrealized gains (losses) included in net income for the quarter relating to assets and liabilities held at June 30, 2024
 
$
927
   
$
4,975
   
$
(319
)
 
$
(191
)
 
    Six Months Ended June 30, 2025  
 (In thousands)  
Mortgage
Servicing
Rights
   
Investments in Limited
Partnerships
   
SBA/
USDA
Servicing
Rights
   
Mortgage Loan
Held-For-Sale
Interest Rate Lock
Commitments
(Assets and
Liabilities)
 
Balance at December 31, 2024
 
$
114,594
   
$
118,710
   
$
5,785
   
$
1,295
 
Acquired in a business combination
   
     
     
4,783
     
 
Net (losses) gains
   
(9,498
)
   
4,486
     
(1,301
)
   
2,595
 
Additions
   
6,528
     
     
947
     
 
Contributions paid
   
     
15,172
     
     
 
Distributions received
   
     
(5,171
)
   
     
 
Balance at June 30, 2025
 
$
111,624
   
$
133,197
   
$
10,214
   
$
3,890
 
Net unrealized (losses) gains included in net income for the period related to assets and liabilities held at June 30, 2025
 
$
(6,915
)
 
$
4,486
   
$
(1,301
)
 
$
2,595
 

41


  Six Months Ended June 30, 2024  
(In thousands)  
Mortgage
Servicing
Rights
   
Investments
in Limited
Partnerships
   
SBA
Servicing
Rights
   
Mortgage Loan
Held-For-Sale
Interest Rate Lock
Commitments
(Assets and
Liabilities)
 
Balance at December 31, 2023
 
$
106,824
   
$
94,998
   
$
6,124
   
$
1,848
 
Net gains (losses)
   
348
     
5,975
     
(791
)
   
541
 
Additions
   
6,423
     
     
597
     
 
Contributions paid
   
     
15,237
     
     
 
Distributions received
   
     
(6,671
)
   
     
 
Balance at June 30, 2024
 
$
113,595
   
$
109,539
   
$
5,930
   
$
2,389
 
Net unrealized gains (losses) included in net income for the period related to assets and liabilities held at June 30, 2024
 
$
5,708
   
$
5,975
   
$
(791
)
 
$
541
 
 
Fair Value Option

The Company elected to measure commercial real estate loans held for sale and commercial and industrial loans held for sale under the fair value option. Included in these loans are loans guaranteed by the SBA and loans related to syndications. Due to the short duration that these instruments remain on the balance sheet, the Company assumes that cost approximates fair value.
 
The Company also elected to measure residential mortgage loans held for sale at fair value. The election allows for effective offset of the changes in fair values of the loans and the derivative instruments used to hedge them. Included in the residential mortgage loans held for sale portfolio are certain previously sold GNMA loans. Under ASC 860-10-40, certain GNMA loans will not meet sale criteria due to the conditional buyback option becoming unconditional - typically when loans become 90 or more days delinquent. The Company records these loans at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets with an offsetting liability. The Company assumed the cost approximates the fair value. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of the GNMA loans totaled $62.9 million and $69.0 million, respectively.
 
The following table summarizes the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans held for sale:         
 
 
  June 30, 2025
    December 31, 2024  
(In thousands)
 
Aggregate
Fair Value
   
Aggregate
Unpaid
Principal
   
Aggregate
Fair Value
Less
Aggregate
Unpaid
Principal
   
Aggregate
Fair Value
   
Aggregate
Unpaid
Principal
   
Aggregate
Fair Value
Less
Aggregate
Unpaid
Principal
 
Residential mortgage loans
 
$
201,590
   
$
201,590
   
$
    $ 181,622    
$
181,622
   
$
 
Commercial and industrial loans
   
57,295
     
57,295
     
      59,343      
59,343
     
 
Commercial real estate loans
   
13,174
     
13,174
     
      3,227      
3,227
     
 
Total
 
$
272,059
   
$
272,059
   
$
    $ 244,192    
$
244,192
   
$
 
 
Net gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value for residential mortgage loans held for sale are recorded in mortgage banking revenue in the consolidated statements of income. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had net gains of $1.5 million and net losses of $0.2 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had net gains totaling $2.7 million and $1.6 million, respectively.
 
Net gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value for commercial and industrial loans and commercial real estate loans held for sale are recorded in other noninterest revenue in the consolidated statements of income. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had net gains from the sale of these loans totaling $2.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had net gains from the sale of these loans totaling $4.8 million and $2.8 million, respectively.

42

Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value o a Nonrecurring Basis
From time to time, the Company may be required to measure certain financial assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting or from write-downs of individual assets. The following tables present the balances of assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:

 
    June 30, 2025  
(In thousands)
    Level 1
      Level 2
      Level 3
      Total
 
Assets:
                               
Impaired loans, collateral-dependent(1)
 
$
   
$
   
$
46,591
   
$
46,591
 
PCD (loss) loans
   
     
     
9,066
     
9,066
 
Other real estate and repossessed assets
   
     
     
15,599
     
15,599
 

(1)
At June 30, 2025, impaired loans, collateral-dependent includes $8.4 million which were classified as doubtful.


    December 31, 2024
 
(In thousands)
    Level 1
       Level 2
       Level 3
      Total
 
Assets:
                               
Impaired loans, collateral-dependent(1)
 
$
   
$
   
$
75,820
   
$
75,820
 
PCD (loss) loans
   
     
     
6,027
     
6,027
 
Other real estate and repossessed assets
   
     
     
5,754
     
5,754
 

(1)
At December 31, 2024, impaired loans, collateral-dependent includes $8.7 million which were classified as doubtful.

43

Unobservable Inputs

The following table presents the significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements for financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis:


  Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements  
(Dollars in thousands)
 
Carrying
Value
 
Valuation
Methods
 
Unobservable
Inputs
   
Range
     
Weighted Average
 
June 30, 2025
                           
Measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
                           
Mortgage servicing rights(1)
 
$
111,624
 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
   
9.4% - 11.0
%
   
9.8
%
 
       
 
Repayment speed (CPR)
   
6.9 - 20.3

   
9.3
 
 
       
 
Coupon interest rate
   
3.3% - 6.3
%
   
4.4
%
 
       
 
Remaining maturity (months)
   
73 - 399
     
286
 
 
       
 
Servicing fee (bps)
   
19.0 bps-38.3 bps
     
28.7 bps
 
Investments in limited partnerships
   
133,197
 
Practical
expedient
 
Net asset value
   
NM
     
NM
 
SBA/USDA servicing rights(1)
   
10,214
 
Coupon less
contractual
servicing cost
 
Contractual
servicing
cost (bps)
   
12.5 bps-40.0 bps
     
26.3 bps
 
Mortgage loan held-for-sale interest
rate lock commitments (assets and liabilities)
   
3,890
 
Discounted cash flow
 
Closing ratio
   
10.0% - 100
%
   
61.6
%
Measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:
       
                   
Impaired loans, collateral-dependent(1)
 
$
46,591
 
Appraised value, as adjusted
 
Discount to fair value
   
10% - 78
%
   
48.0
%
PCD (loss) loans(1)
   
9,066
 
Appraised value, as adjusted
 
Discount to fair value
   
10% - 30
%
   
24.5
%
Other real estate and repossessed assets
   
15,599
 
Appraised value, as adjusted
 
Estimated closing costs
   
7.0
%
   
7.0
%

44

    Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
 
   
Carrying Value
 
Valuation
Methods
 
Unobservable
Inputs
   
Range
   
Weighted Average
 
(Dollars in thousands)
     
                 
December 31, 2024
                         
Measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
     
                 
Mortgage servicing rights(1)
 
$
114,594
 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
   
9.7% - 11.3
%
 
10.1
%
 
       
 
Repayment speed (CPR)
   
6.8 - 12.6
   
8.3
 
 
       
 
Coupon interest rate
   
3.2% - 7.9
%
 
4.2
%
 
       
 
Remaining maturity
 
(months)
   
70 - 404
   
286
 

       
 
Servicing fee (bps)
   
19.0 bps-50.0 bps
   
28.7 bps

Investments in limited partnerships
   
118,710
 
Practical expedient
 
Net asset value
   
NM
   
NM
 
SBA servicing rights(1)
   
5,785
 
Coupon less contractual servicing cost
 
Contractual servicing cost (bps)
   
12.5 bps-40.0 bps
   
26.3 bps

Mortgage loan held-for-sale interest rate lock commitments (assets and liabilities)
   
1,295
 
Discounted cash flow
 
Closing ratio
   
10.0% - 100
%
 
46.8
%
Measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:
       
                 
Impaired loans, collateral-dependent(1)
 
$
75,820
 
Appraised value, as adjusted
 
Discount to fair value
   
10% - 41
%
 
30.5
%
PCD (loss) loans(1)
   
6,027
 
Appraised value, as adjusted
 
Discount to fair value
   
10% - 30
%
 
24.7
%
Other real estate and repossessed  assets
   
5,754
 
Appraised value, as adjusted
 
Estimated closing costs
   
7.0
%
 
7.0
%

(1)
Weighted averages were calculated using the input attributed and the outstanding balance of the loan.

Certain assets and liabilities subject to fair value disclosure requirements are not actively traded, requiring management to estimate the fair value. These estimations necessarily require judgement to be applied to the reasonableness and relevancy of comparable market prices, expected future cash flows, and appropriate discount rates.

The short-term nature of certain assets and liabilities result in their carrying value approximating fair value. They include cash and due from banks, interest bearing deposits with other banks and Federal funds sold, accrued interest receivable, non-time deposits, federal funds purchased, securities sold under agreement to repurchase, short-term and long-term FHLB borrowings and accrued interest payable.

45

The following tables present carrying and fair value information of financial instruments for the periods presented:

   
June 30, 2025
 
(In thousands)
 
Carrying
Value
   
Fair Value
   
Level 1
   
Level 2
   
Level 3
 
Assets:
                             
Cash and due from banks
 
$
710,679
   
$
710,679
   
$
710,679
   
$
   
$
 
Interest bearing deposits with other banks and Federal funds sold
   
825,878
     
825,878
     
825,878
     
     
 
Available for sale securities and equity securities with readily determinable fair values
   
8,859,365
     
8,859,365
     
21,965
     
8,837,400
     
 
Net loans and leases
   
34,990,530
     
34,292,631
     
     
     
34,292,631
 
Loans held for sale
   
272,059
     
272,059
     
     
272,059
     
 
Accrued interest receivable
   
212,004
     
212,004
     
     
30,429
     
181,575
 
Mortgage servicing rights
   
111,624
     
111,624
     
     
     
111,624
 
Investments in limited partnerships
   
133,197
     
133,197
     
     
     
133,197
 
Other assets
   
25,813
     
25,813
     
     
     
25,813
 
 
                                       
Liabilities:
                                       
Deposits
 
$
40,493,518
   
$
40,490,511
   
$
   
$
40,490,511
   
$
 
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreement to repurchase and other short-term borrowings
   
21,225
     
21,225
     
21,225
     
     
 
Short-term FHLB borrowings
   
1,575,000
     
1,575,000
     
1,575,000
     
     
 
Accrued interest payable
   
148,618
     
148,618
     
9,439
     
139,179
     
 
Subordinated and long-term borrowings
   
1,430,674
     
1,430,674
     
1,430,674
     
     
 
 
                                       
Derivative instruments:
                                       
Assets:
                                       
Commercial loan interest rate contracts
 
$
32,166
   
$
32,166
   
$
   
$
32,166
   
$
 
Mortgage loan held-for-sale interest rate lock commitments
   
3,890
     
3,890
     
     
     
3,890
 
Futures, forwards and options
   
2,993
     
2,993
     
2,993
     
     
 
Foreign exchange contracts
   
1,200
     
1,200
     
     
1,200
     
 
Liabilities:
                                       
Commercial loan interest rate contracts
 
$
41,802
   
$
41,802
   
$
   
$
41,802
   
$
 
Mortgage loan forward sale commitments
   
1,767
     
1,767
     
     
1,767
     
 
Foreign exchange contracts
   
1,033
     
1,033
     
     
1,033
     
 

46


 
December 31, 2024
 
   
Carrying
Value
   
 
Fair
Value
   
 
Level 1
   
 
Level 2
   
 
Level 3
 
(In thousands)
                             
Assets:
                             
Cash and due from banks
 
$
624,884
   
$
624,884
   
$
624,884
   
$
   
$
 
Interest bearing deposits with other banks and Federal funds sold
   
1,106,692
     
1,106,692
     
1,106,692
     
     
 
Available for sale securities and equity securities with readily determinable fair values
   
7,315,666
     
7,315,666
     
21,678
     
7,293,988
     
 
Net loans and leases
   
33,280,962
     
32,440,220
     
     
     
32,440,220
 
Loans held for sale
   
244,192
     
244,192
     
     
244,192
     
 
Accrued interest receivable
   
196,670
     
196,670
     
     
26,239
     
170,431
 
Mortgage servicing rights
   
114,594
     
114,594
     
     
     
114,594
 
Investments in limited partnerships
   
118,710
     
118,710
     
     
     
118,710
 
Other assets
   
11,539
     
11,539
     
     
     
11,539
 
 
                                       
Liabilities:
                                       
Deposits
 
$
40,496,201
   
$
40,495,193
   
$
   
$
40,495,193
   
$
 
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreement to repurchase and other short-term borrowings
   
23,616
     
23,616
     
23,616
     
     
 
Accrued interest payable
   
110,853
     
110,853
     
3
     
110,850
     
 
Subordinated and long-term borrowings
     10,706
      10,570             10,570        
Derivative instruments:
     
     
             
     
 
Assets:
                                       
Commercial loan interest rate contracts
  $
30,555
    $
30,555
    $       $
30,555
    $  
Mortgage loan held-for-sale interest rate lock commitments
   
1,310
     
1,310
                     
1,310
 
Mortgage loan forward sale commitments
   
816
     
816
             
816
         
Foreign exchange contracts
   
650
     
650
           
650
       
Liabilities:
   

     

     
     

     
 
Commercial loan interest rate contracts
  $
45,070
    $
45,070
    $     $
45,070
    $
 
Mortgage loan held-for-sale interest rate lock commitments
   
15
     
15
     
3,085
            15  
Futures, forwards and options
   
3,085
     
3,085
           
       
Mortgage loan forward sale commitments
   
34
     
34
            34        
Foreign exchange contracts
   
469
     
469
            469        

NOTE 10. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

The Company’s Long-Term Equity Incentive Plan (“Incentive Plan”), Cadence Bank Equity Incentive Plan for Non Employee Directors, 2021 Long-Term Equity Incentive Plan and the Amended and Restated 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan” assumed from Legacy Cadence) were effective during the year ended December 31, 2024, and allowed the Company to grant to employees and directors various forms of share-based incentive compensation. On December 30, 2024, the Cadence Bank 2025 Long-Term Incentive Plan (“the 2025 Plan”) was approved by the Company’s shareholders. The 2025 Plan took effect as of December 30, 2024 and supersedes all four of the incentive plans previously mentioned.

47

The Company has primarily granted PSUs, RSUs and RSAs under its equity incentive plans. PSUs entitle the recipient to receive shares of the Company’s common stock upon the achievement of performance goals that are specified in the award over a performance period. The recipient of PSUs is not treated as a shareholder of the Company and is not entitled to vote or receive dividends until the performance conditions stated in the award are satisfied and the shares of stock are issued to the recipient. Dividend equivalents on the shares vested according to the performance conditions are paid upon issuance of the stock. All PSUs vest over a three-year period and are valued at the fair value of the Company’s stock at the grant date based upon the estimated number of shares expected to vest through the application of a lattice model. RSUs entitle the recipient to receive the shares once they are vested but with no voting rights until the shares are received. RSUs generally vest over four- to five-year periods and are eligible to receive dividend equivalents, which accrue and are paid upon vesting. RSAs entitle the recipient to vote the shares of stock but the recipient does not receive the shares until they are fully vested. RSA grants vest over five- to seven-year periods and are entitled to receive dividends.

For more information, see Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Performance Stock Units

The following table summarizes the Company’s PSU activity for the periods indicated:

   
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
    2025
    2024
 
 
  Shares    
Weighted
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
    Shares    
Weighted
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
 
Nonvested at beginning of period
 
1,211,606     $
25.34
      1,967,631    
$
26.17
 
Granted during the period
    264,729      
30.64
      323,293      
30.26
 
Vested during the period
    (425,767 )    
27.98
      (444,448 )    
28.76
 
Forfeited during the period
    (33,305 )    
26.93
      (92,884 )    
24.53
 
Nonvested at end of period
 
1,017,263
    $ 25.56
      1,753,592
    $ 26.36
 

The Company recorded $2.9 million and $3.1 million of compensation expense related to the PSUs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $4.6 million and $6.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. At June 30, 2025, there was $16.0 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to PSUs that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.05 years.

Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes the Company’s RSU activity for the periods indicated:

   
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
    2025
    2024
 
 
  Shares    
Weighted
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
    Shares    
Weighted
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
 
Nonvested at beginning of period
 
3,063,891

  $ 25.61       3,055,824    
$
25.19  
Granted during the period
    989,660
   
30.38
      1,021,847      
28.70
 
Vested during the period
    (375,761 )    
21.24
      (385,808 )    
27.43
 
Forfeited during the period
    (83,529 )    
26.77
      (180,637 )    
25.82
 
Nonvested at end of period
 
3,594,261     $
27.35
      3,511,226     $ 25.94  

The Company recorded $6.0 million and $10.3 million of compensation expense related to the RSUs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $5.1 million and $9.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. These amounts included $255 thousand and $500 thousand related to RSUs issued to the Company’s directors during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $245 thousand and $532 thousand for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. At June 30, 2025, there was $59.7 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.91 years.

48

Restricted Stock Awards
The following table summarizes the Company’s RSA activity for the periods indicated:

   
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
    2025
    2024
 
 
  Shares    
Weighted
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
    Shares    
Weighted
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
 
Nonvested at beginning of period
 
247,537     $ 28.67       526,868    
$
28.14  
Vested during the period
    (209,170 )    
30.36
      (247,336 )    
27.49
 
Forfeited during the period
    (1,867 )    
31.48
      (29,371 )    
28.86
 
Nonvested at end of period
 
36,500
  $
18.79
      250,161     $ 28.70  

The Company recorded $165 thousand and $432 thousand of compensation expense related to the RSAs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $293 thousand and $331 thousand for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. At June 30, 2025, there was $193 thousand of unrecognized compensation cost related to RSAs that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.92 years.

The following table presents information regarding the vesting of the Company’s nonvested share-based compensation grants outstanding at June 30, 2025:

   
Number of Shares
 
Period Ending
    PSU
     
RSU
      RSA
 
December 31, 2026
   
504,002
     
1,618,638
     
 
December 31, 2027
   
249,768
     
987,152
     
36,500
 
December 31, 2028
   
263,493
     
662,227
     
 
December 31, 2029 and later
   
     
326,244
     
 
Total nonvested shares
   
1,017,263
     
3,594,261
     
36,500
 

NOTE 11. EARNINGS PER SHARE AND DIVIDEND DATA

Basic and diluted EPS are calculated in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share. Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is computed using the weighted-average number of shares determined for the basic EPS computation plus the shares resulting from the assumed exercise of all outstanding share-based awards using the treasury stock method. There were 444 and 129,978 antidilutive equity awards excluded from dilutive shares for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.  There were 222 and 124,419 antidilutive equity awards excluded from dilutive shares for six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

49

The following table provides a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted EPS computations for the periods indicated:

     
Three Months Ended June 30,
     
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
    2025

    2024

    2025

    2024

Net income
 
$
134,645
   
$
137,472
     $
267,867 1
     $
254,450
 
Less: preferred dividends
   
4,744
     
2,372
     
7,116 2
     
4,744
 
Net income available to common shareholders
 
$
129,901
   
$
135,100
   
$
260,751
   
$
249,706
 

                               
Weighted average common shares outstanding
   
185,575
     
182,647
     
184,559
     
182,610
 
Dilutive effect of stock compensation
   
2,068
     
2,614
     
2,329
     
2,808
 
Weighted average diluted common shares
   
187,643
     
185,261
     
186,888
     
185,418
 

                               
Basic earnings per common share
 
$
0.70
   
$
0.74
     
1.41
     
1.37
 

                               
Diluted earnings per common share
 
$
0.69
   
$
0.73
     
1.40
     
1.35
 

Dividends to shareholders are subject to approval by the applicable regulatory authorities.

NOTE 12. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (“AOCI”)

Activity within the balances in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is shown in the following tables for the periods indicated:

(In thousands)
   
Unrealized loss on AFS
securities
       
 Pension and other 
 postretirement benefits
       
 Accumulated other
comprehensive loss
 
Balance at March 31, 2025
 
$
(577,989
)

  $
(43,214
)

 
$
(621,203
)
Net change
   
44,491
     
555
     
45,046
 
Balance at June 30, 2025
 
$
(533,498
)

  $
(42,659
)

  $
(576,157
)
 
           
       
   
Balance at March 31, 2024
 
$
(746,905
)
  $
(44,428
)

  $
(791,333
)
Net change
   
8,399
 
 
472
     
8,871
 
Balance at June 30, 2024
 
$
(738,506
)
  $
(43,956
)

  $
(782,462
)
 
       
 
       
   
Balance at December 31, 2024
 
$
(650,725
)
  $
(43,770
)

  $
(694,495
)
Net change
   
117,227
 
 
1,111
     
118,338
 
Balance at June 30, 2025
 
$
(533,498
)
  $
(42,659
)

  $
(576,157
)
 
       
 
       
   
Balance at December 31, 2023
 
$
(716,749
)
  $
(45,080
)

  $
(761,829
)
Net change
   
(21,757
)
   
1,124
       
(20,633
)
Balance at June 30, 2024
 
$
(738,506
)
  $
(43,956
)

  $
(782,462
)

NOTE 13. CAPITAL AND REGULATORY MATTERS

The Company is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal and state banking agencies. Regulatory capital ratios at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were calculated in accordance with the Basel III capital framework as well as the interagency final rule published on September 30, 2020 entitled “Revised Transition of the Current Expected Credit Losses Methodology for Allowances.” Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Company’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Company’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. Quantitative measures are established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy and require the Company to maintain minimum capital amounts and ratios.

50


Additionally, regulatory capital rules include a capital conservation buffer which the Company must maintain in addition to its minimum risk-based capital requirements. This buffer applies to all three risk-based capital measurements (CET1, Tier 1 and total capital to risk-weighted assets). A financial institution with a conservation buffer of less than the required amount is subject to limitations on capital distributions, including dividend payments, stock repurchases, and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers.
 
The actual capital amounts and ratios for the Company are presented in the following tables and as shown, exceed the thresholds necessary to be considered “well capitalized.” Management believes that no events or changes have occurred subsequent to the indicated dates that would change this designation.
 
    June 30, 2025     December 31, 2024  
(Dollars in thousands)
 
Amount
   
Ratio
   
Amount
   
Ratio
 
Actual:
                       
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)
 
$
4,871,652
     
12.18
%
 
$
4,693,487
     
12.35
%
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)
   
5,038,645
     
12.60
     
4,860,480
     
12.79
 
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)
   
5,515,711
     
13.79
     
5,306,647
     
13.97
 
Tier 1 leverage capital (to average assets)
   
5,038,645
     
10.35
     
4,860,480
     
10.41
 
Minimum requirement(1):
                               
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)
   
1,799,711
     
4.50
     
1,709,652
     
4.50
 
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)
   
2,399,615
     
6.00
     
2,279,536
     
6.00
 
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)
   
3,199,486
     
8.00
     
3,039,382
     
8.00
 
Tier 1 leverage capital (to average assets)
   
1,948,042
     
4.00
     
1,867,273
     
4.00
 
Well capitalized requirement under prompt corrective action provisions:
                               
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)
   
2,599,582
     
6.50
     
2,469,498
     
6.50
 
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)
   
3,199,486
     
8.00
     
3,039,382
     
8.00
 
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)
   
3,999,358
     
10.00
     
3,799,227
     
10.00
 
Tier 1 leverage capital (to average assets)
   
2,435,053
     
5.00
     
2,334,092
     
5.00
 
 
(1)
The additional capital conservation buffer in effect was 2.5%.
 
On April 25, 2025, the Company announced a share repurchase program whereby the Company may acquire up to an aggregate of 10,000,000 shares of its common stock in the open market at prevailing market prices or in privately negotiated transactions. No shares had been purchased by the Company under this repurchase program as of June 30, 2025.
 
The extent and timing of any repurchases depends on market conditions and other corporate, legal and regulatory considerations. Repurchased shares are held as authorized and unissued shares. These authorized but unissued shares are available for use in the Company’s stock compensation programs, other transactions, or for other corporate purposes as determined by the Company’s Board of Directors.
 
Federal and state banking laws and regulations and state corporate laws restrict the amount of dividends that the Company may declare and pay. Under Mississippi law, the Company cannot pay any dividend on its common stock unless it has received written approval of the Commissioner of the MDBCF. The federal banking agencies have indicated that paying dividends that deplete a depository institution’s capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice. The Federal Reserve must approve any dividend that exceeds the Company’s current year’s net income plus its retained net income from the prior two calendar years.
 
NOTE 14. SEGMENT REPORTING
 
The Company determines operating segments based upon the services offered, the significance of those services to the Company's financial condition and operating results, and management's regular review of the operating results of those services. The Company’s CODM is the Company’s CEO. The application and development of management reporting methodologies is a robust process and is subject to periodic enhancements. As these enhancements are made, financial results presented by each reportable segment may be periodically revised. Cadence makes operating decisions based on the following operating segments, as described below.

51


Corporate Banking segment focuses on C&I, business banking, and commercial real estate lending to clients in the geographic footprint.
 

Community Banking segment provides a broad range of banking services through the branch network to serve the needs of community businesses and individual consumers in the geographic footprint.
 

Mortgage segment includes mortgage banking activities of originating mortgage loans, selling mortgage loans in the secondary market and servicing the mortgage loans that are sold on a servicing retained basis.
 

Banking Services segment offers individuals, businesses, governmental institutions, and non-profit entities a wide range of solutions to help protect, grow, and transfer wealth. Offerings include credit-related products via Private Banking services, trust and investment management, asset management, retirement and savings solutions, estate planning and annuity products.
 

General Corporate and Other segment includes other activities not allocated to other aforementioned operating segments. Additionally, intercompany eliminations are included as they do not reflect normal operations of the other segments. The disaggregation of General Corporate and Other better defines the results from the individual segments due to the direct relationship of the internal support provided by the strategic business units within the Bank.
 
Results of operations and selected financial information by operating segment for periods indicated are presented in the following tables. The tables show total noninterest income segregated between contracts with customers within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and those within the scope of other GAAP Topics. Additionally, with the adoption of ASU 2023-07, the tables show significant segment expenses within total noninterest expense used by the CODM to assess the performance of each segment.

52

Results of operations and selected financial information by operating segment for periods indicated are presented in the following tables. Also, the tables show total noninterest income segregated between contracts with customers within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and those within the scope of other GAAP Topics.
 
 
(In thousands)
 
Corporate Banking
   
Community Banking
   
Mortgage
   
Banking Services
   
General
Corporate
and Other
   
Total
 
Results of Operations
                                   
Three Months Ended June 30, 2025
                                   
Net interest revenue
 
$
108,846
   
$
264,214
   
$
28,621
   
$
10,460
   
$
(34,001
)
 
$
378,140
 
Provision (release) for credit losses
   
10,231
     
23,793
     
2,691
     
814
     
(6,529
)
   
31,000
 
Net interest revenue after provision (release) for credit losses
   
98,615
     
240,421
     
25,930
     
9,646
     
(27,472
)
   
347,140
 
Noninterest revenue
                                               
In Scope of Topic 606
                                               
Trust and asset management income
   
167
     
4
     
     
13,821
     
(765
)
   
13,227
 
Investment advisory fees
   
     
     
     
9,048
     
(78
)
   
8,970
 
Other brokerage fees
   
     
     
     
1,633
     
     
1,633
 
Deposit service charges
   
4,141
     
13,556
     
     
223
     
141
     
18,061
 
Credit card, debit card and merchant fees
   
1
     
     
     
     
12,971
     
12,972
 
Total noninterest revenue (in-scope of Topic 606)
   
4,309
     
13,560
     
     
24,725
     
12,269
     
54,863
 
Total noninterest revenue (out-of-scope of Topic 606)
   
14,392
     
20,326
     
9,940
     
1,715
     
(3,055
)
   
43,318
 
Total noninterest revenue
   
18,701
     
33,886
     
9,940
     
26,440
     
9,214
     
98,181
 
Noninterest expense
                                               
Salaries and employee benefits
   
22,592
     
61,190
     
5,810
     
13,093
     
54,655
     
157,340
 
Occupancy and equipment
   
332
     
19,540
     
418
     
306
     
9,443
     
30,039
 
Data processing and software
   
774
     
478
     
1,311
     
1,750
     
26,388
     
30,701
 
Allocated overhead expenses
   
21,202
     
73,262
     
6,940
     
4,364
     
(105,768
)
   
 
Other segment items(1)
   
7,476
     
10,188
     
3,976
     
4,471
     
28,672
     
54,783
 
Total noninterest expense
   
52,376
     
164,658
     
18,455
     
23,984
     
13,390
     
272,863
 
Income (loss) before income taxes
   
64,940
     
109,649
     
17,415
     
12,102
     
(31,648
)
   
172,458
 
Income tax expense (benefit)
   
15,261
     
25,767
     
4,093
     
2,821
     
(10,129
)
   
37,813
 
Net income (loss)
 
$
49,679
   
$
83,882
   
$
13,322
   
$
9,281
   
$
(21,519
)
 
$
134,645
 
Selected Financial Information
                                               
Total assets at end of period
 
$
12,007,032
   
$
17,906,415
   
$
6,416,671
   
$
1,264,077
   
$
12,784,645
   
$
50,378,840
 
 
(1)
Other segment items for each reportable segment includes:

Corporate Banking: legal expenses, travel expenses and certain overhead expenses.

Community Banking: advertising, office supplies, ATM expenses, delivery expenses, professional and consulting fees, legal expenses, telecommunication and postage expenses, travel expenses, and certain overhead expenses.

Mortgage: loan quality control and loan repurchase expenses, legal expenses, and certain overhead expenses.

Banking Services: amortization of intangibles, professional and consulting fees, legal expenses, and certain overhead expenses.

General, Corporate and Other: advertising, supplies, regulatory expenses, and certain other overhead expenses.

53

 
(In thousands)
 
Corporate Banking
   
Community Banking
   
Mortgage
   
Banking Services
   
General
Corporate
and Other
   
Total
 
Results of Operations
                                   
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
                                   
Net interest revenue
 
$
111,148
   
$
274,603
   
$
23,028
   
$
9,921
   
$
(62,382
)
 
$
356,318
 
Provision (release) for credit losses
   
16,385
     
(1,880
)
   
7,531
     
(59
)
   
23
     
22,000
 
Net interest revenue after provision (release) for credit losses
   
94,763
     
276,483
     
15,497
     
9,980
     
(62,405
)
   
334,318
 
Noninterest revenue
                                               
In Scope of Topic 606
                                               
Trust and asset management income
   
378
     
4
     
     
13,003
     
(740
)
   
12,645
 
Investment advisory fees
   
     
     
     
8,230
     
(50
)
   
8,180
 
Other brokerage fees
   
     
     
     
1,514
     
1
     
1,515
 
Deposit service charges
   
3,405
     
13,299
     
     
950
     
(2
)
   
17,652
 
Credit card, debit card and merchant fees
   
146
     
9,504
     
     
4
     
3,116
     
12,770
 
Total noninterest revenue (in-scope of Topic 606)
   
3,929
     
22,807
     
     
23,701
     
2,325
     
52,762
 
Total noninterest revenue (out-of-scope of Topic 606)
   
7,547
     
9,347
     
7,358
     
2,751
     
20,893
     
47,896
 
Total noninterest revenue
   
11,476
     
32,154
     
7,358
     
26,452
     
23,218
     
100,658
 
Noninterest expense
                                               
Salaries and employee benefits
   
19,894
     
56,676
     
5,567
     
12,867
     
53,034
     
148,038
 
Occupancy and equipment
   
1,016
     
19,374
     
1,092
     
832
     
7,053
     
29,367
 
Data processing and software
   
766
     
441
     
968
     
1,786
     
25,506
     
29,467
 
Allocated overhead expenses
   
22,413
     
59,362
     
6,859
     
3,743
     
(92,377
)
   
 
Other segment items(1)
   
9,725
     
10,989
     
3,121
     
4,692
     
21,298
     
49,825
 
Total noninterest expense
   
53,814
     
146,842
     
17,607
     
23,920
     
14,514
     
256,697
 
Income (loss) before income taxes
   
52,425
     
161,795
     
5,248
     
12,512
     
(53,701
)
   
178,279
 
Income tax expense (benefit)
   
12,320
     
38,022
     
1,233
     
2,925
     
(13,693
)
   
40,807
 
Net income (loss)
 
$
40,105
   
$
123,773
   
$
4,015
   
$
9,587
   
$
(40,008
)
 
$
137,472
 
Selected Financial Information
                                               
Total assets at end of period
 
$
11,775,671
   
$
17,068,177
   
$
5,331,570
   
$
1,123,239
   
$
12,685,421
   
$
47,984,078
 
 
(1)
Other segment items for each reportable segment includes:

Corporate Banking: legal expenses, travel expenses and certain overhead expenses.

Community Banking: advertising, office supplies, ATM expenses, delivery expenses, professional and consulting fees, legal expenses, telecommunication and postage expenses, travel expenses, and certain overhead expenses.

Mortgage: loan quality control and loan repurchase expenses, legal expenses, and certain overhead expenses.

Banking Services: amortization of intangibles, professional and consulting fees, legal expenses, and certain overhead expenses.

General, Corporate and Other: advertising, supplies, regulatory expenses, and certain other overhead expenses.
 
54

 
(In thousands)
 
Corporate Banking
   
Community Banking
   
Mortgage
   
Banking Services
   
General
Corporate
and Other
   
Total
 
Results of Operations
                                   
Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
                                   
Net interest revenue
 
$
218,386
   
$
525,092
   
$
55,587
   
$
20,869
   
$
(78,642
)
 
$
741,292
 
Provision (release) for credit losses
   
18,712
     
30,509
     
10,718
     
1,711
     
(10,650
)
   
51,000
 
Net interest revenue after provision (release) for credit losses
   
199,674
     
494,583
     
44,869
     
19,158
     
(67,992
)
   
690,292
 
Noninterest revenue
                                               
In Scope of Topic 606
                                               
Trust and asset management income
   
483
     
8
     
     
26,091
     
(1,532
)
   
25,050
 
Investment advisory fees
   
     
     
     
17,546
     
(122
)
   
17,424
 
Other brokerage fees
   
     
     
     
3,303
     
     
3,303
 
Deposit service charges
   
8,100
     
27,520
     
     
477
     
(300
)
   
35,797
 
Credit card, debit card and merchant fees
   
2
     
8,623
     
     
     
16,336
     
24,961
 
Total noninterest revenue (in-scope of Topic 606)
   
8,585
     
36,151
     
     
47,417
     
14,382
     
106,535
 
Total noninterest revenue (out-of-scope of Topic 606)
   
24,720
     
30,397
     
17,793
     
3,301
     
822
     
77,033
 
Total noninterest revenue
   
33,305
     
66,548
     
17,793
     
50,718
     
15,204
     
183,568
 
Noninterest expense
                                               
Salaries and employee benefits
   
44,357
     
122,542
     
11,612
     
26,567
     
105,234
     
310,312
 
Occupancy and equipment
   
655
     
39,220
     
825
     
623
     
17,193
     
58,516
 
Data processing and software
   
1,912
     
1,171
     
2,449
     
2,776
     
49,525
     
57,833
 
Allocated overhead expenses
   
40,777
     
139,070
     
12,869
     
8,344
     
(201,060
)
   
 
Other segment items(1)
   
17,376
     
18,952
     
9,040
     
8,844
     
51,339
     
105,551
 
Total noninterest expense
   
105,077
     
320,955
     
36,795
     
47,154
     
22,231
     
532,212
 
Income (loss) before income taxes
   
127,902
     
240,176
     
25,867
     
22,722
     
(75,019
)
   
341,648
 
Income tax expense (benefit)
   
30,057
     
56,441
     
6,079
     
5,313
     
(24,109
)
   
73,781
 
Net income (loss)
 
$
97,845
   
$
183,735
   
$
19,788
   
$
17,409
   
$
(50,910
)
 
$
267,867
 
Selected Financial Information
                                               
Total assets at end of period
 
$
12,007,032
   
$
17,906,415
   
$
6,416,671
   
$
1,264,077
   
$
12,784,645
   
$
50,378,840
 
 
(1)
Other segment items for each reportable segment includes:

Corporate Banking: legal expenses, travel expenses and certain overhead expenses.

Community Banking: advertising, office supplies, ATM expenses, delivery expenses, professional and consulting fees, legal expenses, telecommunication and postage expenses, travel expenses, and certain overhead expenses.

Mortgage: loan quality control and loan repurchase expenses, legal expenses, and certain overhead expenses.

Banking Services: amortization of intangibles, professional and consulting fees, legal expenses, and certain overhead expenses.

General, Corporate and Other: advertising, supplies, regulatory expenses, and certain other overhead expenses.

55

 
(In thousands)
 
Corporate Banking
   
Community Banking
   
Mortgage
   
Banking Services
   
General
Corporate
and Other
   
Total
 
Results of Operations
                                   
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
                                   
Net interest revenue
 
$
224,416
   
$
557,933
   
$
45,025
   
$
20,050
   
$
(137,198
)
 
$
710,226
 
Provision (release) for credit losses
   
36,929
     
(4,443
)
   
8,678
     
(753
)
   
3,589
     
44,000
 
Net interest revenue after provision (release) for credit losses
   
187,487
     
562,376
     
36,347
     
20,803
     
(140,787
)
   
666,226
 
Noninterest revenue
                                               
In Scope of Topic 606
                                               
Trust and asset management income
   
644
     
7
     
     
24,762
     
(1,446
)
   
23,967
 
Investment advisory fees
   
     
     
     
16,611
     
(94
)
   
16,517
 
Other brokerage fees
   
     
     
     
2,984
     
     
2,984
 
Deposit service charges
   
6,702
     
26,890
     
     
1,881
     
516
     
35,989
 
Credit card, debit card and merchant fees
   
306
     
18,505
     
     
8
     
6,113
     
24,932
 
Total noninterest revenue (in-scope of Topic 606)
   
7,652
     
45,402
     
     
46,246
     
5,089
     
104,389
 
Total noninterest revenue (out-of-scope of Topic 606)
   
17,371
     
18,614
     
14,932
     
6,465
     
22,673
     
80,055
 
Total noninterest revenue
   
25,023
     
64,016
     
14,932
     
52,711
     
27,762
     
184,444
 
Noninterest expense
                                               
Salaries and employee benefits
   
41,616
     
115,030
     
12,378
     
27,745
     
107,920
     
304,689
 
Occupancy and equipment
   
2,042
     
36,898
     
2,193
     
1,687
     
15,187
     
58,007
 
Data processing and software
   
1,677
     
882
     
1,965
     
3,131
     
51,839
     
59,494
 
Allocated overhead expenses
   
47,986
     
122,653
     
14,499
     
7,648
     
(192,786
)
   
 
Other segment items(1)
   
17,089
     
22,896
     
6,329
     
9,964
     
41,436
     
97,714
 
Total noninterest expense
   
110,410
     
298,359
     
37,364
     
50,175
     
23,596
     
519,904
 
Income (loss) before income taxes
   
102,100
     
328,033
     
13,915
     
23,339
     
(136,621
)
   
330,766
 
Income tax expense (benefit)
   
23,993
     
77,088
     
3,270
     
5,467
     
(33,502
)
   
76,316
 
Net income (loss)
 
$
78,107
   
$
250,945
   
$
10,645
   
$
17,872
   
$
(103,119
)
 
$
254,450
 
Selected Financial Information
                                               
Total assets at end of period
 
$
11,775,671
   
$
17,068,177
   
$
5,331,570
   
$
1,123,239
   
$
12,685,421
   
$
47,984,078
 
 
(1)
Other segment items for each reportable segment includes:

Corporate Banking: legal expenses, travel expenses and certain overhead expenses.

Community Banking: advertising, office supplies, ATM expenses, delivery expenses, professional and consulting fees, legal expenses, telecommunication and postage expenses, travel expenses, and certain overhead expenses.

Mortgage: loan quality control and loan repurchase expenses, legal expenses, and certain overhead expenses.

Banking Services: amortization of intangibles, professional and consulting fees, legal expenses, and certain overhead expenses.

General, Corporate, and Other: advertising, supplies, regulatory expenses, and certain other overhead expenses.
 
NOTE 15. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
 
The Company primarily uses derivatives to manage exposure to market risk, including interest rate risk, credit risk and foreign currency risk, and to assist customers with their risk management objectives. Management may designate certain derivatives as hedging instruments in a qualifying hedge accounting relationship. The Company’s derivative instruments consist of economic hedges for which the Company has elected not to apply hedge accounting and derivatives held for customer accommodation, or other purposes.
 
The fair value of outstanding derivative positions is included in other assets and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and in the net change in each of these financial statement line items in the operating section of the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows. For derivatives not designated as hedging instruments or determined to be an ineffective hedge under applicable accounting guidance, gains and losses due to changes in fair value are included in noninterest income and the operating section of the consolidated statements of cash flows. For derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments, the entire change in the fair value related to the derivative instrument is recognized as a component of other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into interest income when the forecasted transaction affects income. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no derivatives designated under hedge accounting. The notional amounts and estimated fair values for the periods indicated were as follows:
 
56

    June 30, 2025     December 31, 2024
 
          Fair Value
                Fair Value        
(Dollars in thousands)
 
Notional Amount
   
Other Assets
   
Other Liabilities
   
Weighted
Average
Maturity
(years)
   
Notional Amount
   
Other Assets
   
Other Liabilities
   
Weighted
Average
Maturity
(years)
 
Commercial loan interest rate contracts
 
$
4,205,221
   
$
32,166
   
$
41,802
     
4.3
   
$
3,781,868
   
$
30,555
   
$
45,070
     
4.2
 
Mortgage loan held-for-sale interest rate lock commitments
   
210,457
     
3,890
     
     
0.1
     
151,231
     
1,310
     
15
     
0.1
 
Futures, forwards and options (used to hedge MSR, see Note 8)
   
228,000
     
2,993
     
     
0.2
     
230,000
     
     
3,085
     
0.2
 
Mortgage loan forward sale commitments
   
228,442
     
     
1,767
     
0.1
     
179,000
     
816
     
34
     
0.1
 
Foreign exchange contracts
   
64,758
     
1,200
     
1,033
     
0.3
     
55,542
     
650
     
469
     
0.5
 
Total derivatives
  $
4,936,878     $
40,249     $
44,602
            $
4,397,641
    $
33,331
    $
48,673
         

The Company is party to collateral support agreements with certain derivative counterparties. Such agreements require that the Company maintain collateral based on the fair values of derivative transactions. In the event of default by the Company, the counterparty would be entitled to the collateral. At June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the Company was required to post $68.1 million and $60.9 million, respectively, in cash or qualifying securities as collateral for its derivative transactions, and these amounts were included in interest bearing deposits with other banks for the periods indicated. In addition, the Company had recorded the obligation to return cash collateral provided by counterparties of $3.6 million and $23.1 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, within deposits on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Certain financial instruments, such as derivatives, may be eligible for offset in the consolidated balance sheet and/or subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements. The Company’s derivative transactions with upstream financial institution counterparties are generally executed under International Swaps and Derivative Association master agreements which include “right of set-off” provisions. In such cases, there is generally a legally enforceable right to offset recognized amounts and there may be an intention to settle such amounts on a net basis. Nonetheless, the Company does not generally offset such financial instruments for financial reporting purposes.
 
The Company enters into certain interest rate contracts on commercial loans, which include swaps, floors, caps and collars that are not designated as hedging instruments. These derivative contracts relate to transactions in which the Company enters into an interest rate contract with a loan customer while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate contract with another financial institution. In connection with each swap transaction, the Company agrees to pay interest to the customer on a notional amount at a variable interest rate and receive interest from the customer on a similar notional amount at a fixed interest rate. At the same time, the Company agrees to pay another financial institution the same fixed interest rate on the same notional amount and receive the same variable interest rate on the same notional amount. The interest rate swap, floor, cap and collar transactions allow the Company to manage its IRR. Because the Company acts as an intermediary for its customers, changes in the fair value of the underlying derivative contracts generally offset and do not significantly impact the Company’s consolidated statements of income. The Company is exposed to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the parties to the interest rate contracts. However, the Company does not anticipate nonperformance by the counterparties. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the estimated fair value recorded in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets totaled $32.3 million and $30.6 million, respectively. The corresponding fair value recorded in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets totaled $41.8 million and $45.1 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
 
The Company has both bought and sold credit protection in the form of participations on interest rate swaps (swap participations). These swap participations, which meet the definition of credit derivatives, were entered into in the ordinary course of business to serve the credit needs of customers. Swap participations, whereby the Company has purchased credit protection, entitle the Company to receive a payment from the counterparty if the customer fails to make payment on any amounts due to the Company upon early termination of the swap transaction. For contracts where the Company sold credit protection, the Company would be required to make payment to the counterparty if the customer fails to make payment on any amounts due to the counterparty upon early termination of the swap transaction. Swap participation agreements where the Company is the beneficiary had notional values totaling $212.1 million and $205.1 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Swap participation agreements where the Company is the guarantor had notional values totaling $469.4 million and $443.0 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

57

The Company enters into interest rate lock commitments with customers in connection with residential mortgage loan applications for loans the Company intends to sell. Additionally, the Company enters into mortgage loan forward sales commitments of MBS with investors to mitigate the effect of IRR inherent in providing interest rate lock commitments to customers. Both the interest rate lock commitments and mortgage loan forward sales commitments are considered derivatives under current accounting guidance and are required to be recorded at fair value. The fair value of these derivatives is recorded on the consolidated balance sheets in other assets and other liabilities. The change in fair value of these instruments is recorded within mortgage banking revenue in the consolidated statements of income. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, mortgage loans held for sale interest rate lock commitments and mortgage loan forward sales commitments totaled $1.5 million in gains compared to $0.2 million in losses, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, mortgage loans held for sale interest rate lock commitments and mortgage loan forward sales commitment gains totaled $2.7 million and $1.6 million, respectively.
 
The Company has an economic hedge in place on its MSR and uses various instruments (including but not limited to Treasury options, SOFR and TBA futures and forwards) to mitigate the IRR associated with the MSR. These hedging instruments are reported at fair value, with adjustments included as part of mortgage banking revenue in the consolidated statements of income. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the market value adjustment on MSR hedge totaled
 
$1.1 million in net gains compared to $1.9 million in net losses, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the market value adjustment on MSR hedge totaled $4.4 million in net gains million compared to $6.7 million in net losses, respectively. See Note 8 for additional information.
 
The Company enters into certain foreign currency exchange contracts on behalf of its clients to facilitate their risk management strategies, while at the same time entering into offsetting foreign currency exchange contracts with another counterparty in order to minimize the Company’s foreign currency exchange risk. The contracts are short term in nature, and any gain or loss incurred at settlement is recorded in other noninterest income. The fair value of these contracts is reported in other assets and other liabilities. Foreign exchange contract net gains totaled $1.2 million and $1.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and net gains of $2.2 million and $1.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
 
NOTE 16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
 
Mortgage Loans Serviced for Others
 
The Company services mortgage loans for other financial institutions that are not included as assets in the Company’s accompanying consolidated financial statements. Included in the $8.2 billion and $8.0 billion of mortgage loans serviced for investors at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, was $0.6 million of primary recourse servicing pursuant to which the Company is responsible for any losses incurred in the event of nonperformance by the mortgagor. The Company's exposure to credit loss in the event of such nonperformance is the unpaid principal balance at the time of default. This exposure is limited by the underlying collateral, which consists of single family residences and either federal or private mortgage insurance.
 
Lending Commitments
 
The consolidated financial statements do not reflect various commitments and contingent liabilities which arise in the ordinary course of business in the banking industry and involve elements of credit risk, IRR, and liquidity risk. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, these included $467.3 million and $448.9 million, respectively, in letters of credit and $9.1 billion and $8.6 billion, respectively, in unfunded extensions of credit such as interim mortgage financing, construction credit, credit card, and revolving line of credit arrangements.
 
Commitments to extend credit and letters of credit include some exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance of the customer. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. In addition, the Company has entered into certain contingent commitments to grant loans. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit policies and procedures for such commitments are the same as those used for lending activities. Because these instruments have fixed maturity dates and because a number expire without being drawn upon, they generally do not present any significant liquidity risk. The Company did not realize significant credit losses from these commitments and arrangements during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

58

Other Commitments
 
The Company makes investments in limited partnerships, including certain affordable housing partnerships for which it receives tax credits. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, unfunded capital commitments totaled $266.5 million and $277.4 million, respectively. See Note 17 for more information.
 
Litigation
 
The nature of the Company’s business ordinarily results in certain types of claims, litigation, investigations, and other legal or administrative cases and proceedings. Although the Company and its subsidiaries have policies and procedures to minimize legal noncompliance and the impact of claims and other proceedings, and endeavored to procure reasonable insurance coverage, litigation and regulatory actions remain an ongoing risk.
 
The Company and its subsidiaries engage in lines of business that are heavily regulated and involve a large volume of actual or potential financial transactions with customers or applicants, and the Company is a public company with a large number of shareholders. From time to time, applicants, borrowers, customers, shareholders, former employees, service providers, and other third parties have brought actions against the Company or its subsidiaries, in certain cases claiming substantial damages. Financial services companies are subject to risks arising from changing regulatory frameworks or expectations, regulatory investigations, class action litigation, and, from time to time, the Company and its subsidiaries have such actions brought against them. The Company and its subsidiaries are also subject to enforcement actions by federal or state regulators, including the Federal Reserve, the CFPB, the DOJ, state attorneys general, and the MDBCF, which may be adversely impacted by ongoing litigation in which the Company is involved. Additionally, the Company is, and management expects it to be, engaged in a number of foreclosure proceedings and other collection actions as part of its lending and leasing collections activities, which, from time to time, have resulted in counterclaims against the Company and its subsidiaries. Various legal proceedings have and may arise in the future out of claims against entities to which the Company is a successor as a result of business combinations.
 
When and as the Company determines it has meritorious defenses to the claims asserted, it vigorously defends against such claims. The Company will consider settlement of claims when, in management’s judgment and in consultation with counsel, it is in the best interests of the Company to do so.
 
The Company cannot predict with certainty the cost of defense, the cost of prosecution, or the ultimate outcome of litigation or other proceedings filed by or against it, its subsidiaries and its directors, management or employees, including remedies or damage awards. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company assesses its liabilities and contingencies in connection with outstanding legal proceedings as well as certain threatened claims (which are not considered incidental to the ordinary conduct of the Company’s business) utilizing the latest and most reliable information available. For matters where a loss is not probable or the amount of the loss cannot be estimated, the Company will not make an accrual. For matters where it is probable the Company will incur a loss and the amount can be reasonably estimated, the Company will accrue for the loss. Once established, the accrual is adjusted periodically to reflect any relevant developments. The actual cost of any such matters, however, may turn out to be substantially higher than the amount accrued. Further, the Company’s insurance policies have deductibles and coverage limits, and such policies are unlikely to cover all costs and expenses related to the defense or prosecution of such legal proceedings or any losses arising therefrom.
 
Although the final outcome of any legal proceedings is inherently uncertain, based on the information available, advice of counsel and available insurance coverage, if applicable, management believes that the litigation-related liability of $11.6 million accrued at June 30, 2025 is adequate and that any incremental change in potential liability arising from the Company’s legal proceedings and threatened claims, including the matters described herein and those otherwise arising in the ordinary course of business, will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business or consolidated results of operations or financial condition. It is possible, however, that future developments could result in an unfavorable outcome for or resolution of any one or more of the legal proceedings in which the Company or its subsidiaries are defendants, which may be material to the Company’s business or consolidated results of operations or financial condition for a particular fiscal period or periods.
 
On August 30, 2021, Legacy Cadence Bank and the DOJ agreed to a settlement set forth in the consent order related to the investigation by the DOJ of Legacy Cadence Bank’s fair lending program in Harris, Fort Bend, and Montgomery Counties located in Houston, Texas during the period between 2014 and 2016 (the “Consent Order”). The Consent Order was signed by the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, Atlanta Division, on August 31, 2021. Pursuant to Section 5.2(g) of the Agreement and Plan of Merger and Paragraph 50 of the Consent Order, Legacy BancorpSouth Bank approved the negotiated settlement, and subsequently, the Company agreed to accept the obligations of the Consent Order. At the request of the DOJ, the court terminated the Consent Order on May 29, 2025. For additional information regarding the terms of this settlement and the Consent Order, see Legacy Cadence’s Current Report on Form 8-K that was filed with the SEC on August 30, 2021.

59

NOTE 17. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES AND OTHER INVESTMENTS
 
Under ASC 810-10-65, a company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary and required to consolidate a VIE if it has a variable interest in the VIE that provides a controlling financial interest. The determination of whether a controlling financial interest exists is based on whether a single party has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb the losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. ASC 810-10-65 requires continual reconsideration of conclusions reached regarding which interest holder is a VIE’s primary beneficiary.
 
Certain NMTC meet the qualifications for consolidation under ASC 810. Consolidation is applicable to this type of investment structure when the entities owned by the tax credit investment fund, managing member, and limited partner of the sub-CDE are under common control, and the limited partner’s related party group has both the power and the obligation to absorb the significant benefits and losses of the sub-CDE. Based on this, the limited partner, which is the Company, is the primary beneficiary of the sub-CDE (VIE) and therefore subject to consolidation. NMTC investment structures which include a managing member not affiliated with the Company are not subject to consolidation.
 
At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s assets of the consolidated VIE that can be used only to settle obligations of the consolidated VIE totaled $4.7 million and $5.4 million, respectively.
 
The Company is invested in several tax credit projects solely as a limited partner. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s maximum exposure to loss associated with these limited partnerships was limited to its investment. Most of the investments are in affordable housing projects. The partnerships have qualified to receive annual affordable housing federal tax credits that are recognized as a reduction of current tax expense. The Company accounts for these investments and the related tax credits using either the effective yield method or the proportional amortization method, depending upon the date of the investment. Under the effective yield method, the Company recognizes the tax credits as they are allocated and amortizes the initial costs of the investments to provide a constant effective yield over the period the tax credits are allocated. Under the proportional amortization method, the Company amortizes the cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received and recognizes the net investment performance in the income statement as a component of income tax expense. The Company also has, to a lesser degree, investments in NMTC and historic tax credit projects. The Company has elected to account for the NMTC not subject to consolidation and HTC using the flow-through method, which reduces federal income taxes in the year in which the credit arises. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company recorded total tax credit investments in other assets on its consolidated balance sheets of $403.2 million and $387.3 million, respectively.
 
The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2023-02 as of January 1, 2024 and determined each investments’ eligibility for proportional amortization. For certain NMTC and HTC investments that do not qualify for the proportional amortization method under ASU 2023-02, amortization related to these investments are recorded in other noninterest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. The Company recorded amortization of $0.3 million for both the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, and recorded amortization of $0.7 million and $0.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The cash flow activity related to these investments are presented in the net income (loss) line in the operating activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows.
 
For the investments that qualify for proportional amortization under ASU 2023-02, the Company recognized income tax credits and other income tax benefits for the three months ended June 30, 2025 of $11.6 million and $1.3 million, respectively. The total income tax benefits of $12.9 million are partially offset by $10.2 million of investment amortization recognized for the three months ended June 30, 2025, for a net income tax benefit of $2.7 million. For the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized income tax credits and other income tax benefits of $9.4 million and $1.2 million, respectively. The total income tax benefits of $10.6 million are partially offset by $8.4 million of investment amortization recognized for the three months ended June 30, 2024, for a net income tax benefit of $2.2 million.
 
For the investments that qualify for proportional amortization under ASU 2023-02, the Company recognized income tax credits and other income tax benefits for the six months ended June 30, 2025 of $23.2 million and $2.8 million, respectively. The total income tax benefits of $26.0 million are partially offset by $20.6 million of investment amortization recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2025, for a net income tax benefit of $5.4 million. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized income tax credits and other income tax benefits of $19.6 million and $2.5 million, respectively. The total income tax benefits of $22.1 million are partially offset by $17.6 million of investment amortization recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2024, for a net income tax benefit of $4.5 million.

60

The cash flows related to the total income tax benefits are presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The net income tax benefit of $5.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was included in the net income (loss) line within operating activities. Investment amortization of $20.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, was included in the depreciation and amortization line item, which was an adjustment to reconcile net income (loss) to cash provided by (used for) operating activities. The income tax credits and other income tax benefits of $26.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was included in the net change to other assets or liabilities line item, which was also an adjustment to reconcile net income (loss) to cash provided by (used for) operating activities.
 
Additionally, the Company has investments in other certain limited partnerships accounted for under the fair value practical expedient of NAV totaling $133.2 million and $118.7 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Related to assets recorded at fair value through net income, the Company recognized net gains of $4.5 million and $6.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These investments are made primarily through various SBIC funds as a strategy to provide expansion and growth opportunities to small businesses and community development funds to help serve the credit needs of the low- and moderate-income and underserved communities within our footprint. Of the total fair value of these limited partnerships, $20.0 million and $15.8 million are related to real-estate funds at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The remaining $113.2 million and $102.9 million are related to SBIC funds that concentrate in a variety of industries at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. At June 30, 2025, unfunded commitments related to these investments were $11.1 million and $111.8 million related to the real-estate funds and other SBIC funds, respectively. SBIC funds are generally structured to operate for approximately 10 years. During the life of each SBIC fund, partners can request to withdraw from the fund, and subsequently receive the balance of their investment as the underlying assets are liquidated over the remaining life of the fund. The Company has no current plans to withdraw from any of its SBIC funds.
 
For other limited partnerships without readily determinable fair values that do not qualify for the practical expedient, Cadence elected the measurement alternative to account for these investments at their cost minus impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. These investments totaled $2.8 million and $2.6 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Other limited partnerships accounted for under the equity method totaled $8.8 million and $8.7 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
 
A summary of the Company’s investments in limited partnerships is presented as of the following periods:
 
(In thousands)
 
June 30, 2025
   
December 31, 2024
 
Tax credit investments (amortized cost)
 
$
403,197
   
$
387,339
 
Limited partnerships accounted for under the fair value practical expedient of NAV
   
133,197
     
118,710
 
Limited partnerships without readily determinable fair values that do not qualify for the practical expedient of NAV accounted for under the cost method
   
2,842
     
2,586
 
Limited partnerships required to be accounted for under the equity method
   
8,836
     
8,664
 
Total investments in limited partnerships
 
$
548,072
   
$
517,299
 
 
For equity investments carried at cost using the measurement alternative, during the three months ended June 30, 2025, there was one write-down for impairment of $8 thousand. During the six months ended and as of June 30, 2025, there were two write-downs for impairment that totaled $48 thousand. During the three and six months ended and as of June 30, 2024, there was a write-down for impairment of $83 thousand. The carrying amount of these equity investments in limited partnerships measured under this measurement alternative for the specified periods are as follows:

61

  Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)
2025     2024
 
Carrying value at the beginning of the period
$
2,586
   
$
2,417
 
Impairments
 
(48
)
   
(83
)
Reclassifications
 
     
107
 
Distributions
 
(400
)
   
(260
)
Contributions
 
704
     
770
 
Carrying value at the end of the period
$
2,842
   
$
2,951
 
 
NOTE 18. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
 
On July 1, 2025, the Company completed its acquisition of Industry Bancshares, Inc. (“Industry”), the bank holding company for Bank of Brenham, Citizens State Bank, Fayetteville Bank, Industry State Bank, The First National Bank of Bellville and The First National Bank of Shiner (collectively, the “Industry Banks”), pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) dated April 25, 2025. Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, the Industry Banks were merged with and into the Company with the Company being the surviving entity. The Company paid $20 million in cash to Industry’s shareholders. Industry Bancshares reported $4.1 billion in total assets, $1.1 billion in total loans, $2.5 billion in securities and $4.3 billion in total deposits as of June 30, 2025 (unaudited). The purchase price allocation and certain fair value measurements, as well as the evaluation of the tax positions of the merger, remain in the early stages of management’s review due to the timing of the closing of the merger.
 
Additionally on July 1, 2025, $1.9 billion of securities acquired from Industry were sold with $1.0 billion of the proceeds redeployed in purchased securities with higher average earning yields and the remainder deployed to paydown wholesale funding.

62

ITEM 2.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
 
OVERVIEW

The Company is a regional bank with corporate offices in Houston, Texas and Tupelo, Mississippi with $50.4 billion in total assets at June 30, 2025. The Company has commercial banking operations in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee, and Texas. The Company and its subsidiaries provide commercial banking, leasing, mortgage origination and servicing, brokerage, trust, and investment advisory services to corporate customers, local governments, individuals, and other financial institutions through an extensive network of branches and offices.
 
Management’s discussion and analysis provides a narrative discussion of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. For a complete understanding of the following discussion, refer to the consolidated financial statements and related notes presented elsewhere in this Report. Management’s discussion and analysis should also be read in conjunction with the risk factors included in Item 1A of this Report and those included in Item 1A of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, and the other reports we file with the Federal Reserve. This discussion and analysis is based on reported financial information, and certain amounts for prior years have been reclassified to conform with the current financial statement presentation.
 
The financial condition and operating results of the Company are heavily influenced by economic trends nationally and in the specific markets in which the Company’s subsidiaries provide financial services. Generally, the pressures of the national and regional economic cycle create a difficult operating environment for the financial services industry. During such times, the Company is not immune to pressures and any economic downturn may have a negative impact on the Company and its customers in all of the markets it serves. Management believes future weakness in the economic environment could adversely affect the strength of the credit quality of the Company's assets. Therefore, management will continue to focus on early identification and resolution of credit issues.
 
The largest source of the Company’s revenue is derived from its corporate and community banking operations. The financial condition and operating results of the Company are affected by the level and volatility of interest rates on loans, investment securities, deposits, and borrowed funds, and the impact of economic downturns on loan demand, collateral values, and creditworthiness of existing borrowers. The financial services industry is highly competitive and heavily regulated. The Company’s success depends on its ability to compete aggressively within its markets while maintaining sufficient asset quality and cost controls to generate net income.
 
The information that follows is provided to enhance comparability of financial information between periods and to provide a better understanding of the Company’s operations.
 
Recent Developments
 
On January 22, 2025, the Company announced the signing of a definitive merger agreement with FCB Financial Corp., the bank holding company for First Chatham Bank (collectively referred to as “First Chatham”), pursuant to which First Chatham was merged with and into the Company, effective May 1, 2025. First Chatham was a Savannah, Georgia-based community bank operating eight branches across the Greater Savannah Area. Pursuant to the terms of the definitive merger agreement, the Company issued 2.3 million shares of common stock and paid $23.1 million in cash for all outstanding shares of FCB Financial Corp.
 
On April 25, 2025, at the Company’s special meeting of shareholders, the holders of the Company’s Preferred Stock approved a proposal amending the Articles of Incorporation to permit stock repurchases for compliance purposes under Regulation H, which the Company is subject to as a result of becoming a Federal Reserve member bank. On March 26, 2025, the Board declared a special cash dividend of $0.34375 per share of Preferred Stock payable on May 7, 2025, to the Preferred Stock shareholders of record as of April 30, 2025, that was conditioned on the passage of the proposal at the special meeting.

63

On July 1, 2025 the Company completed its acquisition of Industry Bancshares, Inc. (“Industry”), the bank holding company for Bank of Brenham, National Association, Citizens State Bank, Fayetteville Bank, Industry State Bank, The First National Bank of Bellville and The First National Bank of Shiner (collectively, the “Industry Banks”), pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) dated April 25, 2025. Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, the Industry Banks were merged with and into the Company. The Company paid $20 million in cash to Industry’s shareholders. Industry Bancshares reported $4.1 billion in total assets, $1.1 billion in total loans, $2.5 billion in securities, and $4.3 billion in total deposits as of June 30, 2025 (unaudited).
 
On July 23, 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors declared quarterly cash dividends of $0.275 per share of common stock and $0.34375 per share of Preferred Stock. The common stock dividend is payable on October 1, 2025 to shareholders of record at the close of business on September 15, 2025. The preferred stock dividend is payable on August 20, 2025 to shareholders of record at the close of business on August 5, 2025.
 
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES AND RECONCILIATIONS
 
In addition to financial ratios based on measures defined by GAAP, the Company has identified “total tangible shareholders’ equity,” “total tangible common shareholders’ equity,” “total tangible common shareholders’ equity (excluding AOCI),” “total tangible assets,” “total tangible assets (excluding AOCI),” “tangible shareholders’ equity to tangible assets,” “tangible common shareholders’ equity to tangible assets,” “tangible common shareholders’ equity to tangible assets (excluding AOCI),” “tangible common book value per share,” and “tangible book value per common share (excluding AOCI)” as non-GAAP financial measures used when evaluating the performance of the Company.
 

Total tangible shareholders’ equity is defined by the Company as total shareholders’ equity less goodwill and other intangible assets, net.
 

Total tangible common shareholders' equity is defined by the Company as total shareholders' equity less preferred stock, goodwill, and other intangible assets, net.
 

Total tangible common shareholders' equity, excluding AOCI, is defined by the Company as total shareholders' equity less preferred stock, goodwill, other intangible assets, net, and AOCI.
 

Total tangible assets are defined by the Company as total assets less goodwill and other intangible assets, net.
 

Total tangible assets, excluding AOCI, are defined by the Company as total assets less goodwill, other intangible assets, net, and AOCI.
 

Tangible common book value per share is defined by the Company as tangible common shareholders’ equity divided by total shares of common stock outstanding.
 

Tangible book value per common share, excluding AOCI, is defined by the Company as tangible common shareholders' equity less AOCI divided by total shares of common stock outstanding.
 
Management believes the ratios of tangible shareholders’ equity to tangible assets, tangible common shareholders’ equity to tangible assets and tangible common shareholders’ equity to tangible assets (excluding AOCI) to be important to investors who are interested in evaluating the adequacy of the Company’s capital levels. Management also believes that tangible common book value per share and tangible common book value per share (excluding AOCI) are important to investors who are interested in changes from period to period in book value per share exclusive of changes in intangible assets.

64

The following table reconciles these non-GAAP financial measures as presented above to GAAP financial measures as reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the periods indicated:
 
TABLE 1—NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
 
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
 
June 30, 2025
   
December 31, 2024
   
June 30, 2024
 
Total tangible assets, excluding AOCI
                 
Total assets
 
$
50,378,840
   
$
47,019,190
   
$
47,984,078
 
Less: Goodwill
   
1,387,990
     
1,366,923
     
1,366,923
 
Other intangible assets, net
   
87,814
     
83,190
     
91,027
 
Total tangible assets
 
$
48,903,036
   
$
45,569,077
   
$
46,526,128
 
Less: AOCI
   
(576,157
)
   
(694,495
)
   
(782,462
)
Total tangible assets, excluding AOCI
 
$
49,479,193
   
$
46,263,572
   
$
47,308,590
 
                         
Total tangible common shareholders' equity, excluding AOCI
     
Total shareholders' equity
 
$
5,916,283
   
$
5,569,683
   
$
5,287,758
 
Less: Goodwill
   
1,387,990
     
1,366,923
     
1,366,923
 
Other intangible assets, net
   
87,814
     
83,190
     
91,027
 
Total tangible shareholders' equity
 
$
4,440,479
   
$
4,119,570
   
$
3,829,808
 
Less: Preferred stock
   
166,993
     
166,993
     
166,993
 
Total tangible common shareholders' equity
 
$
4,273,486
   
$
3,952,577
   
$
3,662,815
 
Less: AOCI
   
(576,157
)
   
(694,495
)
   
(782,462
)
Total tangible common shareholders' equity, excluding AOCI
 
$
4,849,643
   
$
4,647,072
   
$
4,445,277
 
                         
Total common shares outstanding
   
186,307,016
     
183,527,575
     
182,430,427
 
                         
Tangible shareholders' equity to tangible assets
   
9.08
%
   
9.04
%
   
8.23
%
Tangible common shareholders' equity to tangible assets
   
8.74
%
   
8.67
%
   
7.87
%
Tangible common shareholders' equity, excluding AOCI, to tangible assets, excluding AOCI
   
9.80
%
   
10.04
%
   
9.40
%
Tangible common book value per share
 
$
22.94
   
$
21.54
   
$
20.08
 
Tangible book value per common share, excluding AOCI
 
$
26.03
   
$
25.32
   
$
24.37
 

65

FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
 
The following table presents financial highlights for the periods indicated:
 
TABLE 2—FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
 
   
As of and For the Three
Months Ended June 30,
   
As of and For the Six
Months Ended June 30,
 
   
2025
   
2024
   
2025
   
2024
 
Common share data:
                       
Basic earnings per share
 
$
0.70
   
$
0.74
   
$
1.41
   
$
1.37
 
Diluted earnings per share
   
0.69
     
0.73
     
1.40
     
1.35
 
Cash dividends per share
   
0.275
     
0.250
     
0.55
     
0.50
 
Book value per share
   
30.86
     
28.07
     
30.86
     
28.07
 
Tangible common book value per share (1)
   
22.94
     
20.08
     
22.94
     
20.08
 
Tangible book value per common share, excluding AOCI (1)
   
26.03
     
24.37
     
26.03
     
24.37
 
Dividend payout ratio
   
39.86
%
   
34.25
%
   
39.29
%
   
37.04
%
Financial Ratios:
                               
Return on average assets (2)
   
1.09
     
1.15
     
1.12
     
1.06
 
Return on average shareholders' equity (2)
   
9.27
     
10.62
     
9.41
     
9.84
 
Return on average common shareholders' equity (2)
   
9.21
     
10.78
     
9.44
     
9.98
 
Total shareholders' equity to total assets
   
11.74
     
11.02
     
11.74
     
11.02
 
Total common shareholders' equity to total assets
   
11.41
     
10.67
     
11.41
     
10.67
 
Tangible common shareholders' equity to tangible assets (1)
   
8.74
     
7.87
     
8.74
     
7.87
 
Tangible common shareholders' equity, excluding AOCI, to tangible assets, excluding AOCI (1)
   
9.80
     
9.40
     
9.80
     
9.40
 
Net interest margin-FTE
   
3.40
     
3.27
     
3.43
     
3.25
 
Credit Quality Ratios:
                               
Net charge-offs to average loans and leases (2)
   
0.24
%
   
0.28
%
   
0.26
%
   
0.26
%
Provision for credit losses to average loans and leases (2)
   
0.36
     
0.27
     
0.30
     
0.27
 
ACL to net loans and leases
   
1.34
     
1.41
     
1.34
     
1.41
 
ACL to NPL
   
205.26
     
216.85
     
205.26
     
216.85
 
ACL to NPA
   
192.29
     
212.16
     
192.29
     
212.16
 
NPL to net loans and leases
   
0.65
     
0.65
     
0.65
     
0.65
 
NPA to total assets
   
0.49
     
0.46
     
0.49
     
0.46
 
Capital Adequacy Ratios:
                               
Common Equity Tier 1 capital
   
12.18
%
   
11.90
%
   
12.18
%
   
11.90
%
Tier 1 capital
   
12.60
     
12.34
     
12.60
     
12.34
 
Total capital
   
13.79
     
14.23
     
13.79
     
14.23
 
Tier 1 leverage capital
   
10.35
     
9.73
     
10.35
     
9.73
 
 
(1)
Non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations.”
 
(2)
Ratios are annualized.
 
As of June 30, 2025, the federal funds rate held steady at 4.5%. The Federal Reserve continued to hold interest rates steady, after it lowered interest rates by 100 basis points during the second half of 2024. Additional interest rate reductions may occur during the second half of 2025 as the Federal Reserve continues to monitor relevant economic data and the effects of recently enacted tariffs. The decreases in interest rates during the fourth quarter of 2024 have had an effect on both our balance sheet as well as our earnings. As seen in the following sections, the increase in net interest revenue resulted from a lower cost on our interest-bearing liabilities, benefiting from declining deposit costs, and the payoffs of both the BTFP borrowings and our subordinated debt in 2024. Total average interest-earning assets increased in the second quarter of 2025 as compared to the same period in 2024, with growth in average loans and investment securities partially offset by lower average other investment balances as the Company used cash flow from these investments to support the payoff of borrowings. See “Net Interest Revenue” for further information.

66

The Company reported net income available to common shareholders of $129.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $135.1 million for the same period in 2024. Key factors contributing to the $5.2 million decrease in net income available to common shareholders included: (1) an increase in noninterest expense of $16.2 million in the second quarter of 2025; (2) a decrease in noninterest revenue of $2.5 million for the second quarter of 2025; and (3) an increase in net interest revenue of $21.8 million for the second quarter of 2025. The Company recorded provisions for credit losses of $31.0 million and $22.0 million for three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
 
Net income available to common shareholders of $260.8 million was reported for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $249.7 million for the same period in 2024. Key factors contributing to the $11.1 million increase in net income available to common shareholders included: (1) an increase in net interest revenue of $31.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025; (2) a decrease in noninterest revenue of $0.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025; and (3) an increase in noninterest expense of $12.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The Company recorded provisions for credit losses of $51.0 million and $44.0 million for six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
 
Net interest revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2025 increased $21.8 million, or 6.1%. Total cost of interest-bearing liabilities declined 43 basis points to 3.02% for the second quarter of 2025 compared to the second quarter of 2024, benefiting from declining deposit costs as well as the payoffs of both the BTFP borrowings and the subordinated debt. Interest expense decreased $28.4 million, or 9.9%, in the second quarter of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. Average earning assets increased $0.9 billion in the second quarter of 2025 compared to the second quarter of 2024, as growth in average loans of $1.8 billion and investment securities balances was offset by lower average other investments and as the Company used cash flow from these investments to support the payoffs of both the BTFP borrowings and subordinated debt. With the completion of the FCB acquisition in the second quarter of 2025, FCB contributed $567.8 million of interest-earning assets and $383.2 million of interest-bearing liabilities. See Table 4 below for more information on yield/rate analysis.
 
Net interest revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2025 increased $31.1 million, or 4.4%. Total cost of interest-bearing liabilities declined 43 basis points to 3.00% for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024, benefiting from declining deposit costs as well as the payoffs of both the BTFP borrowings and the subordinated debt. Interest expense decreased $75.5 million, or 13.3%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. See Table 4 below for more information on yield/rate analysis.
 
Noninterest revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2025, was $98.2 million, a decrease of $2.5 million, or 2.5%, from the same period in 2024. Noninterest revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2025, was $183.6 million, a decrease of $0.9 million, or 0.5%, from the same period in 2024. The decrease in the second quarter of 2025 compared to the second quarter of 2024 resulted from a decrease in other miscellaneous income, which was partially offset by increases in mortgage banking revenue, credit related fees, bank owned life insurance income, SBA income, and wealth management revenue. See “Noninterest Revenue” below for more information.
 
Noninterest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2025 increased 2.4% to $272.9 million from $256.7 million for the same period in 2024. Noninterest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025 increased 2.4% to $532.2 million from $519.9 million for the same period in 2024. The quarter over quarter and year over year increases were primarily a result of increases in salaries and employee benefits, legal expense, and merger expense, which were partially offset by a decrease in deposit insurance assessments. See “Noninterest Expense” below for more information.

67

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 
The following is a summary of our results of operations for the periods indicated:
 
TABLE 3—SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 
    Three Months Ended June 30,     Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In thousands)
 
2025
   
2024
   
2025
   
2024
 
Earnings Summary:
                       
Interest revenue
 
$
635,599
   
$
642,210
   
$
1,234,856
   
$
1,279,323
 
Interest expense
   
257,459
     
285,892
     
493,564
     
569,097
 
Net interest revenue
   
378,140
     
356,318
     
741,292
     
710,226
 
Provision for credit losses
   
31,000
     
22,000
     
51,000
     
44,000
 
Net interest revenue, after provision for credit losses
   
347,140
     
334,318
     
690,292
     
666,226
 
Noninterest revenue
   
98,181
     
100,658
     
183,568
     
184,444
 
Noninterest expense
   
272,863
     
256,697
     
532,212
     
519,904
 
Income before income taxes
   
172,458
     
178,279
     
341,648
     
330,766
 
Income tax expense
   
37,813
     
40,807
     
73,781
     
76,316
 
Net income
   
134,645
     
137,472
     
267,867
     
254,450
 
Less: preferred dividends
   
4,744
     
2,372
     
7,116
     
4,744
 
Net income available to common shareholders
 
$
129,901
   
$
135,100
   
$
260,751
   
$
249,706
 
 
Net Interest Revenue
 
Net interest revenue is the difference between interest revenue earned on assets, such as loans, leases and securities, and interest expense paid on liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings, and continues to provide the Company with its principal source of revenue. Net interest revenue is affected by the general level of interest rates, changes in interest rates and changes in the amount and composition of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities. One of the Company’s long-term objectives is to manage interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities to maximize net interest revenue, while balancing interest rate, credit and liquidity risk. Net interest margin is determined by dividing FTE net interest revenue by average earning assets. For purposes of the following discussion, revenue from tax-exempt loans and investment securities have been adjusted to an FTE basis, using an effective tax rate of 21% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

68

The following table presents average interest earning assets, average interest bearing liabilities, net interest revenue-FTE, net interest margin-FTE and net interest rate spread for each of the periods presented:
 
TABLE 4—CONSOLIDATED AVERAGE BALANCES AND YIELD/RATE ANALYSIS

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
   
2025
   
2024
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
Average
Balance
   
Interest
   
Yield/
Rate
   
Average
Balance
   
Interest
   
Yield/
Rate
 
ASSETS
                                   
Loans and leases (net of unearned income) (1)(2)
 
$
34,762,808
   
$
550,159
     
6.35
%
 
$
32,945,526
   
$
540,160
     
6.59
%
Loans held for sale, at fair value
   
146,191
     
1,736
     
4.76
     
114,359
     
1,652
     
5.81
 
Available for sale securities, at fair value:
                                               
Taxable
   
8,736,627
     
72,355
     
3.32
     
7,954,865
     
62,852
     
3.18
 
Tax-exempt (3)
   
77,836
     
803
     
4.14
     
78,687
     
807
     
4.12
 
Other investments
   
1,017,815
     
11,183
     
4.41
     
2,758,385
     
37,383
     
5.45
 
Total interest earning assets and revenue
   
44,741,277
     
636,236
     
5.70
%
   
43,851,822
     
642,854
     
5.90
%
Other assets
   
5,082,940
                     
4,816,078
                 
Allowance for credit losses
   
467,521
                     
475,181
                 
Total
 
$
49,356,696
                   
$
48,192,719
                 
                                     
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
                                   
Deposits:
                                   
Interest bearing demand and money market
 
$
18,799,895
   
$
125,874
     
2.69
%
 
$
18,770,093
   
$
146,279
     
3.13
%
Savings
   
2,646,190
     
3,747
     
0.57
     
2,652,019
     
3,743
     
0.57
 
Time
   
9,956,973
     
98,721
     
3.98
     
7,920,946
     
89,173
     
4.53
 
Fed  funds  purchased,  securities  sold under
                                               
agreement to repurchase and other
   
265,092
     
2,939
     
4.45
     
65,821
     
732
     
4.47
 
Short-term FHLB borrowings
   
1,173,022
     
12,594
     
4.31
     
     
     
 
Short-term BTFP borrowings
   
     
     
     
3,500,000
     
41,536
     
4.77
 
Subordinated and long-term borrowings
   
1,338,059
     
13,584
     
4.07
     
404,231
     
4,429
     
4.41
 
Total interest bearing liabilities and expense
   
34,179,231
     
257,459
     
3.02
%
   
33,313,110
     
285,892
     
3.45
%
Demand deposits - noninterest bearing
   
8,494,542
                     
8,757,029
                 
Other liabilities
   
855,842
                     
915,326
                 
Total liabilities
   
43,529,615
                     
42,985,465
                 
Shareholders' equity
   
5,827,081
                     
5,207,254
                 
Total
 
$
49,356,696
                   
$
48,192,719
                 
Net interest revenue-FTE
         
$
378,777
                   
$
356,962
         
Net interest margin-FTE
                   
3.40
%
                   
3.27
%
Net interest rate spread
                   
2.68
%
                   
2.45
%
Interest bearing liabilities to interest earning assets
                   
76.39
%
                   
75.97
%
 
(1)
Includes taxable equivalent adjustment to interest of $0.5 million for both the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, using an effective tax rate of 21% for all periods presented.
 
(2)
Nonaccrual loans are included in loans and leases (net of unearned income). Nonaccrual loans were $231.2 million and $216.7 million as of June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(3)
Includes taxable equivalent adjustment to interest of $0.2 million for both the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, using an effective tax rate of 21% for all periods presented.
 
Net interest revenue-FTE increased 6.1% to $378.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, from $357.0 million for the same period in 2024. The increase in net interest revenue-FTE resulted from lower costs on interest-bearing liabilities benefiting from declining deposit costs and the payoffs of both the BTFP borrowings and our subordinated debt since the second quarter of 2024. Average loans increased from 75.1% of average interest earning assets in the 2024 second quarter to 77.7% in the 2025 second quarter.

69

Interest revenue-FTE decreased 1.0% to $636.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, from $642.9 million for the same period in 2024. The decrease in interest revenue-FTE for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily a result of lower average other investment balances as the Company used cash flow from these investments to support the payoffs of both the BTFP borrowings and subordinated debt since the second quarter of 2024. This decrease was offset by higher average loans and investment securities during the second quarter of 2025. Additionally, interest revenue-FTE included $2.6 million and $3.0 million in accretion related to the purchase discounts on acquired loans for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
 
Interest expense decreased 9.9% to $257.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $285.9 million for the same period in 2024. The decrease in interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily due to the total cost of interest-bearing liabilities declining 43 basis points to 3.02% for the second quarter of 2025 compared to 3.45% for the second quarter of 2024, benefiting from declining deposit costs as well as the payoffs of both the BTFP borrowings and the subordinated debt after the second quarter of 2024.
 
Net interest margin-FTE for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was 3.40%, an increase of 13 basis points, from 3.27% for the same period in 2024. Net interest revenue-FTE may also be analyzed by segregating the yield/rate and volume components of interest revenue and interest expense. The table below presents the components of our net interest revenue-FTE with the effect that the varying levels of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the applicable rates have had on changes in net interest revenue from the second quarter of 2024 to the second quarter of 2025. The changes in net interest revenue-FTE due to both rate and volume have been allocated to volume and rate changes in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the changes in each.
 
TABLE 5—RATE/VOLUME ANALYSIS
 
   
Second Quarter 2025 vs Second Quarter 2024
 
   
Net Interest Revenue
   
Increase
             
(In thousands)
 
2025
   
2024
   
(Decrease)
   
Volume
   
Rate
 
INTEREST REVENUE
                             
Loans and leases, net of unearned income
 
$
550,159
   
$
540,160
   
$
9,999
   
$
17,319
   
$
(7,320
)
Loans held for sale
   
1,736
     
1,652
     
84
     
203
     
(119
)
Available for sale securities:
                                       
Taxable
   
72,355
     
62,852
     
9,503
     
8,504
     
999
 
Non-taxable
   
803
     
807
     
(4
)
   
(5
)
   
1
 
Other investments
   
11,183
     
37,383
     
(26,200
)
   
(24,321
)
   
(1,879
)
Total interest revenue-FTE
   
636,236
     
642,854
     
(6,618
)
   
1,700
     
(8,318
)
                                         
INTEREST EXPENSE
                                       
Demand deposits - interest bearing
   
125,874
     
146,279
     
(20,405
)
   
(405
)
   
(20,000
)
Savings deposits
   
3,747
     
3,743
     
4
     
3
     
1
 
Time deposits
   
98,721
     
89,173
     
9,548
     
13,466
     
(3,918
)
Fed funds purchased, securities sold under agreement to repurchase and other
   
2,939
     
732
     
2,207
     
2,208
     
(1
)
Short-term FHLB borrowings
   
12,594
     
     
12,594
     
12,594
     
 
Short-term BTFP borrowings
   
     
41,536
     
(41,536
)
   
(41,536
)
   
 
Subordinated and long-term debt
   
13,584
     
4,429
     
9,155
     
9,249
     
(94
)
Total interest expense
   
257,459
     
285,892
     
(28,433
)
   
(4,421
)
   
(24,012
)
Net interest revenue-FTE
 
$
378,777
   
$
356,962
   
$
21,815
   
$
6,121
   
$
15,694
 

70

The following table presents average interest earning assets, average interest bearing liabilities, net interest revenue-FTE, net interest margin-FTE and net interest rate spread for each of the periods presented:

   
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
   
2025
   
2024
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
Average Balance
   
Interest
   
Yield/
Rate
   
Average
Balance
   
Interest
   
Yield/
Rate
 
ASSETS
                                   
Loans and leases (net of unearned income) (1)(2)
 
$
34,355,873
   
$
1,080,672
     
6.34
%
 
$
32,841,550
   
$
1,069,552
     
6.55
%
Loans held for sale, at fair value
   
130,812
     
3,185
     
4.91
     
93,358
     
2,837
     
6.11
 
Available for sale securities, at fair value:
                                               
Taxable
   
7,983,659
     
125,587
     
3.17
     
8,071,103
     
126,257
     
3.15
 
Tax-exempt (3)
   
78,836
     
1,599
     
4.09
     
80,527
     
1,677
     
4.19
 
Other investments
   
1,145,773
     
25,080
     
4.41
     
2,952,412
     
80,280
     
5.47
 
Total interest earning assets and revenue
   
43,694,953
     
1,236,123
     
5.70
%
   
44,038,950
     
1,280,603
     
5.85
%
Other assets
   
5,023,679
                     
4,853,195
                 
Allowance for credit losses
   
466,433
                     
474,515
                 
 Total
 
$
48,252,199
                   
$
48,417,630
                 
 
                                               
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
                                               
Deposits:
                                               
Interest bearing demand and money market
 
$
19,112,399
   
$
254,705
     
2.69
%
 
$
19,036,969
   
$
295,682
     
3.12
%
Savings
   
2,626,885
     
7,391
     
0.57
     
2,674,236
     
7,544
     
0.57
 
Time
   
9,967,496
     
199,621
     
4.04
     
7,634,651
     
169,842
     
4.47
 
Fed funds purchased, securities sold under agreement to repurchase and other
   
184,527
     
4,071
     
4.45
     
137,585
     
3,260
     
4.76
 
Short-term FHLB borrowings
   
603,812
     
12,903
     
4.31
     
     
     
 
Short-term BTFP borrowings
   
     
     
     
3,500,000
     
83,640
     
4.81
 
Subordinated and long-term borrowings
   
736,885
     
14,873
     
4.07
     
419,405
     
9,129
     
4.38
 
Total interest bearing liabilities and expense
   
33,232,004
     
493,564
     
3.00
%
   
33,402,846
     
569,097
     
3.43
%
Demand deposits - noninterest bearing
   
8,417,406
                     
8,914,824
                 
Other liabilities
   
862,968
                     
899,309
                 
Total liabilities
   
42,512,378
                     
43,216,979
                 
Shareholders' equity
   
5,739,821
                     
5,200,651
                 
Total
 
$
48,252,199
                   
$
48,417,630
                 
Net interest revenue-FTE
         
$
742,559
                   
$
711,506
         
Net interest margin-FTE
                   
3.43
%
                   
3.25
%
Net interest rate spread
                   
2.70
%
                   
2.42
%
Interest bearing liabilities to interest earning assets
                   
76.05
%
                   
75.85
%

(1)
Includes taxable equivalent adjustment to interest of $0.9 million for both the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, using an effective tax rate of 21% for all periods presented.

(2)
Nonaccrual loans are included in loans and leases (net of unearned income). Nonaccrual loans were $231.2 million and $216.7 million as of June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. At June 30, 2024, nonaccrual loans did not include nonaccrual loans held for sale of $2.7 million.

(3)
Includes taxable equivalent adjustment to interest of $0.3 million and $0.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, using an effective tax rate of 21% for all periods presented.

Net interest revenue-FTE increased 4.4% to $742.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The increase in net interest revenue-FTE resulted from lower costs on interest-bearing liabilities benefiting from declining deposit costs and the payoffs of both the BTFP borrowings and our subordinated debt. Average loans increased from 74.6% of average interest earning assets in 2024 to 78.6% in 2025.

Interest revenue-FTE decreased 3.5% to $1.2 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2025, from $1.3 billion during the same period in 2024. The decrease in interest revenue-FTE for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily driven by a reduction in average balances of other investments and investment securities, as the Company used cash flow from these investments to support the payoffs of both the BTFP borrowings and subordinated debt. Additionally, interest revenue-FTE included $5.2 million and $6.5 million in accretion related to the purchase discounts on acquired loans for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

71

Interest expense decreased 13.3% to $493.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $569.1 million for the same period in 2024. The decrease in interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily a result of the total cost of average interest-bearing liabilities declining 43 basis points to 3.00% for 2025, compared to 3.43% for the same period in 2024, benefiting from declining deposit costs as well as the payoffs of both the BTFP borrowings and the subordinated debt.

Net interest margin-FTE for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was 3.43%, an increase of 18 basis points, from 3.25% for the same period in 2024. Net interest revenue-FTE may also be analyzed by segregating the yield/rate and volume components of interest revenue and interest expense. The table below presents the components of our net interest revenue-FTE with the effect that the varying levels of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the applicable rates have had on changes in net interest revenue from the first half of 2024 to the first half of 2025. The changes in net interest revenue-FTE due to both rate and volume have been allocated to volume and rate changes in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the changes in each.

   
Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 vs Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
 
   
Net Interest Revenue
   
Increase
             
(In thousands)
 
2025
   
2024
   
(Decrease)
   
Volume
   
Rate
 
INTEREST REVENUE
                   
   
 
Loans and leases, net of unearned income
 
$
1,080,672
   
$
1,069,552
   
$
11,120
   
$
46,500
   
$
(35,380
)
Loans held for sale
   
3,185
     
2,837
     
348
     
980
     
(632
)
Available for sale securities:
                                       
Taxable
   
125,587
     
126,257
     
(670
)
   
(1,568
)
   
898
 
Non-taxable
   
1,599
     
1,677
     
(78
)
   
(37
)
   
(41
)
Other investments
   
25,080
     
80,280
     
(55,200
)
   
(41,977
)
   
(13,223
)
Total interest revenue-FTE
   
1,236,123
     
1,280,603
     
(44,480
)
   
3,898
     
(48,378
)
                                         
INTEREST EXPENSE
                                       
Demand deposits - interest bearing
   
254,705
     
295,682
     
(40,977
)
   
1,141
     
(42,118
)
Savings deposits
   
7,391
     
7,544
     
(153
)
   
(154
)
   
1
 
Time deposits
   
199,621
     
169,842
     
29,779
     
47,579
     
(17,800
)
Fed funds purchased, securities sold under agreement to repurchase and other
   
4,071
     
3,260
     
811
     
1,040
     
(229
)
Short-term FHLB borrowings
   
12,903
     
     
12,903
     
12,903
     
 
Short-term BTFP borrowings
   
     
83,640
     
(83,640
)
   
(83,640
)
   
 
Subordinated and long-term debt
   
14,873
     
9,129
     
5,744
     
6,426
     
(682
)
Total interest expense
   
493,564
     
569,097
     
(75,533
)
   
(14,705
)
   
(60,828
)
Net interest revenue-FTE
 
$
742,559
   
$
711,506
   
$
31,053
   
$
18,603
   
$
12,450
 

72

Provision for Credit Losses and Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”)

An analysis of the ACL for loans for the periods indicated is provided in the following table:

TABLE 6—ACL

 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
   
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
(In thousands)
 
2025
   
2024
   
2025
   
2024
 
Balance, beginning of period
 
$
457,791
   
$
472,575
   
$
460,793
   
$
468,034
 
Charge-offs:
                               
Commercial and industrial
                               
Non-real estate
   
(16,866
)
   
(23,140
)
   
(37,731
)
   
(40,036
)
Owner occupied
   
(1,281
)
   
(200
)
   
(1,700
)
   
(301
)
Total commercial and industrial
   
(18,147
)
   
(23,340
)
   
(39,431
)
   
(40,337
)
Commercial real estate
                               
Construction, acquisition and development
   
(295
)
   
(405
)
   
(337
)
   
(537
)
Income producing
   
(3,445
)
   
(244
)
   
(4,785
)
   
(2,356
)
Total commercial real estate
   
(3,740
)
   
(649
)
   
(5,122
)
   
(2,893
)
Consumer
                               
Residential mortgages
   
(1,944
)
   
(708
)
   
(3,240
)
   
(1,303
)
Other consumer
   
(1,494
)
   
(1,586
)
   
(3,260
)
   
(3,386
)
Total consumer
   
(3,438
)
   
(2,294
)
   
(6,500
)
   
(4,689
)
Total charge-offs
   
(25,325
)
   
(26,283
)
   
(51,053
)
   
(47,919
)
Recoveries:
                               
Commercial and industrial
                               
Non-real estate
   
2,905
     
2,868
     
4,638
     
4,102
 
Owner occupied
   
286
     
75
     
375
     
153
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
3,191
     
2,943
     
5,013
     
4,255
 
Commercial real estate
                               
Construction, acquisition and development
   
60
     
70
     
105
     
182
 
Income producing
   
50
     
31
     
88
     
69
 
Total commercial real estate
   
110
     
101
     
193
     
251
 
Consumer
                               
Residential mortgages
   
383
     
291
     
781
     
562
 
Other consumer
   
426
     
395
     
849
     
839
 
Total consumer
   
809
     
686
     
1,630
     
1,401
 
Total recoveries
   
4,110
     
3,730
     
6,836
     
5,907
 
Net charge-offs
   
(21,215
)
   
(22,553
)
   
(44,217
)
   
(42,012
)
Initial allowance on PCD loans
   
8,075
     
     
8,075
     
 
                                 
Provision:
                               
Initial provision for acquired non-PCD loans
    4,152
     
      4,152      
 
Provision for credit losses related to loans and leases (1)
   
25,848
     
20,000
     
45,848
     
44,000
 
Balance, end of period
 
$
474,651
   
$
470,022
   
$
474,651
   
$
470,022
 
 
                               
Loans and leases, net of unearned income - average
 
$
34,762,808
   
$
32,945,526
   
$
34,355,873
   
$
32,841,550
 
Loans and leases, net of unearned income - period end
 
$
35,465,181
   
$
33,312,773
   
$
35,465,181
   
$
33,312,773
 

(1)
Provision for unfunded commitments was $1.0 million and $2.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $1.0 million and zero for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

73

TABLE 7—ACL RELATED RATIOS

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
   
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
   
2025
   
2024
   
2025
   
2024
 
RATIOS
                       
Provision for credit losses to average loans and leases, net of unearned income (1)
   
0.36
%
   
0.27
%
   
0.30
%
   
0.27
%
ACL to loans and leases, net of unearned income
   
1.34
%
   
1.41
%
   
1.34
%
   
1.41
%
NPL to loans and leases, net of unearned income
   
0.65
%
   
0.65
%
   
0.65
%
   
0.65
%
ACL to NPL
   
205.26
%
   
216.85
%
   
205.26
%
   
216.85
%
 
                               
Net charge-offs to average loans and leases: (1)
                               
Commercial and industrial
                               
Non-real estate
   
0.16
%
   
0.25
%
   
0.19
%
   
0.22
%
Owner occupied
   
0.01
%
   
%
   
0.01
%
   
%
Total commercial and industrial
   
0.17
%
   
0.25
%
   
0.20
%
   
0.22
%
Commercial real estate
                               
Construction, acquisition and development
   
%
   
0.01
%
   
%
   
%
Income producing
   
0.04
%
   
%
   
0.03
%
   
0.02
%
Total commercial real estate
   
0.04
%
   
0.01
%
   
0.03
%
   
0.02
%
Consumer
 
Residential mortgages
   
0.02
%
   
0.01
%
   
0.02
%
   
%
Other consumer
   
0.01
%
   
0.01
%
   
0.01
%
   
0.02
%
Total consumer
   
0.03
%
   
0.02
%
   
0.03
%
   
0.02
%
Total
   
0.24
%
   
0.28
%
   
0.26
%
   
0.26
%

(1)
Ratios are annualized.

For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, net charge-offs totaled $21.2 million and $22.6 million, respectively. As a percentage of average loans and leases, net charge-offs were 0.24% and 0.28% annualized for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Net charge-offs for the three months ended June 30, 2025, were mainly experienced in the commercial and industrial non-real estate loan class concentrated in one credit; while net charge-offs for the same period in 2024 were also primarily in the non-real estate class.

For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, net charge-offs totaled $44.2 million and $42.0 million, respectively. As a percentage of average loans and leases, net charge-offs were both 0.26% annualized for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Net charge-offs for the six months ended June 30, 2025, were mainly experienced in the commercial and industrial non-real estate loan class concentrated in two credits, as well as a small number of SBA loans in the resolution process; while net charge-offs for the same period in 2024 were also primarily in the non-real estate class.

The Company recorded $31.0 million in provision for credit losses ($30.0 million for loans and $1.0 million for unfunded commitments) during the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $22.0 million ($20.0 million for loans and $2.0 million for unfunded commitments) for the same period in 2024. Provision for credit losses of $4.2 million was recorded on non-PCD loans acquired through the FCB acquisition during the second quarter of 2025.

The Company recorded $51.0 million in provision for credit losses ($50.0 million for loans and $1.0 million for unfunded commitments) during the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $44.0 million ($44.0 million for loans and zero for unfunded commitments) for the same period in 2024.

74

The ACL increased $13.9 million to $474.7 million at June 30, 2025, from $460.8 million at December 31, 2024. This increase included $8.1 million related to PCD loans acquired through the FCB acquisition with the remainder of the increase primarily seen in the CRE loan segment. The ACL to NPL decreased to 205.26% at June 30, 2025, from 216.85% at June 30, 2024. For more information about the Company’s classified, nonperforming, PCD, and impaired loans, see “Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Financial Condition – Loans and Leases” in Part I of this Report.

The breakdown of the ACL by loan and lease segment and class is based, in part, on evaluations of specific loan and lease histories and the impact of forecasted economic conditions on the portfolio segments. Accordingly, because these conditions are subject to change, the allocation is not necessarily indicative of the breakdown of any future allowance for credit losses. Several economic forecasts from external sources are used in the estimation and allocation of the ACL. The forecasts cover an eight-quarter forecast horizon to establish a forecast range and are based on upside, downside, and base case scenarios. A blended scenario is selected by management to reflect the probable economic conditions within the range. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the forecast was a mix of downside and base forecasts, weighted more heavily to a base forecast, which is consistent with the weighting in first half of 2024.

The Company recognizes that higher interest rates, inflation, and slower economic growth may have short-term, long-term, and regional impacts to the economy. In addition, qualitative factors such as changes in economic conditions, concentrations of risk, and changes in portfolio risk resulting from regulatory changes are considered in determining the adequacy of the level of the ACL (see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements).

TABLE 8—ACL BY SEGMENT AND CLASS

   
    June 30, 2025
   
December 31, 2024
 
(Dollars in thousands)
  ACL      
% of Loans in
Each Category
 to Total Loans
    ACL      
% of Loans in
Each Category
 to Total Loans
 
Commercial and industrial
                       
Non-real estate
 
$
162,371
     
25.5
%
 
$
183,743
     
25.7
%
Owner occupied
   
42,399
     
13.4
     
35,177
     
13.8
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
204,770
     
38.9
     
218,920
     
39.5
 
Commercial real estate
                               
Construction, acquisition and development
   
49,080
     
9.8
     
44,703
     
11.6
 
Income producing
   
84,366
     
19.8
     
64,957
     
17.8
 
Total commercial real estate
   
133,446
     
29.6
     
109,660
     
29.4
 
Consumer
                               
Residential mortgages
   
128,826
     
30.9
     
125,464
     
30.4
 
Other consumer
   
7,609
     
0.6
     
6,749
     
0.7
 
Total consumer
   
136,435
     
31.5
     
132,213
     
31.1
 
Total
 
$
474,651
     
100.0
%
 
$
460,793
     
100.0
%

75

Noninterest Revenue
 
The Company attempts to diversify its revenue streams with noninterest revenue received from wealth management activities, mortgage banking operations, and other activities that generate fee income. The components of noninterest revenue for the periods indicated and the percentage change between the periods are shown in the following table:

TABLE 9—NONINTEREST REVENUE

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
   
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
2025
   
2024
   
% Change
   
2025
   
2024
   
% Change
 
Trust and asset management income (1)
 
$
13,227
   
$
12,645
     
4.6
%
   $
25,050
   
$
23,967
     
4.5
%
Investment advisory fees (1)
   
8,970
     
8,180
     
9.7
     
17,424
     
16,517
     
5.5
 
Brokerage and annuity fees (1)
   
3,101
     
3,181
     
(2.5
)
   
6,103
     
6,355
     
(4.0
)
Deposit service charges
   
18,061
     
17,652
     
2.3
     
35,797
     
35,989
     
(0.5
)
Credit card, debit card and merchant fees
   
12,972
     
12,770
     
1.6
     
24,961
     
24,932
     
0.1
 
Mortgage banking, excluding MSR and MSR hedge market value adjustment (2)
   
10,734
     
9,875
     
8.7
     
20,477
     
18,991
     
7.8
 
MSR and MSR hedge market value adjustment(2)
   
(2,023
)
   
(3,702
)
   
45.4
     
(5,128
)
   
(6,375
)
   
19.6
 
Securities losses, net
   
     
(4
)
   
     
(9
)
   
(12
)
   
25.0
 
Bank-owned life insurance (3)
   
6,812
     
4,370
     
55.9
     
12,014
     
8,316
     
44.5
 
Credit related fees (3)
   
8,091
     
5,091
     
58.9
     
14,167
     
11,299
     
25.4
 
SBA income (3)
   
4,272
     
2,235
     
91.1
     
7,834
     
5,534
     
41.6
 
Other miscellaneous income (3)
   
13,964
     
28,365
     
(50.8
)
   
24,878
     
38,931
     
(36.1
)
Total noninterest revenue
 
$
98,181
   
$
100,658
     
(2.5
)%
 
$
183,568
   
$
184,444
     
(0.5
)%

(1)
Included in wealth management revenue on the consolidated statements of income.
(2)
Included in mortgage banking revenue on the consolidated statements of income.
(3)
Included in other revenue on the consolidated statements of income.

Noninterest revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2025, was $98.2 million, a decrease of $2.5 million, or 2.5%, from the same period in 2024. Noninterest revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2025, was $183.6 million, a decrease of $0.9 million, or 0.5%, from the same period in 2024. The decrease in the second quarter of 2025 compared to the second quarter of 2024 resulted from a decrease in other miscellaneous income partially offset by increases in mortgage banking revenue, credit related fees, BOLI income, SBA income, and wealth management revenue.

Trust and asset management income, which consists of fee income from management of trust accounts, increased 4.6% during the second quarter of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024, and increased 4.5% during the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. The increase in the 2025 quarter arose from an increase of 4.9% in assets under management.

Deposit service charges, which consist primarily of corporate analysis charges, overdraft fees, and other service related fees, increased 2.3% during the second quarter of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The increase resulted primarily from an increase of 5.2% in corporate analysis charges.

Mortgage banking revenue typically fluctuates as mortgage interest rates change and is primarily attributable to two activities - (1) the origination and sale of new mortgage loans and (2) the servicing of sold mortgage loans. Origination revenue is comprised of gains and losses from the sale of mortgage loans, origination fees, underwriting fees and other fees associated with the origination of mortgage loans. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, mortgage loan held for sale origination volumes totaled $351.3 million and $299.6 million, respectively, which produced origination revenue of $4.4 million and $4.0 million, respectively. The increase in mortgage origination revenue also resulted from an increase of 16.3% in mortgage loans sold during the three months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024.

For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, mortgage loan held for sale origination volumes totaled $586.7 million and $522.4 million, respectively, which produced origination revenue of $7.8 million and $7.1 million, respectively. The increase in mortgage origination revenue resulted from a 9.2% increase in loans sold during the six months ended June 30, 2025, due to the same factors impacting the comparative three months periods noted previously.

76

Revenue from the mortgage servicing process includes fees from the actual servicing of mortgage loans. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, servicing revenue was $6.4 million and $5.9 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, servicing revenue was $12.7 million and $11.9 million, respectively. The quarterly and YTD growth in servicing revenue is primarily attributable to the 5.0% growth in the servicing portfolio from June 30, 2024, to June 30, 2025.

The Company services a class of residential mortgages that are first lien loans secured by a primary residence or second home. The MSR, which are recognized as a separate asset on the date the corresponding mortgage loan is sold on a servicing retained basis, is recorded at fair value as determined at each accounting period end. At June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, the estimated fair value of the MSR was $111.6 million and $113.6 million, respectively.

The Company is susceptible to significant fluctuations in MSR fair value during changing interest rate environments. The Company has an economic hedge in place on its MSR and uses various instruments (including but not limited to Treasury options, SOFR and TBA futures and forwards) to mitigate the IRR associated with the MSR. These hedging instruments are reported at fair value, with adjustments included as part of mortgage banking revenue in the consolidated statements of income. At June 30, 2025 and 2024, this economic hedge covered approximately 75.1% and 75.3%, respectively, of the MSR interest rate risk. Reflecting this sensitivity to interest rates, the fair value of the MSR, including the hedge, experienced a decrease of $2.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and a decrease of $3.7 million during the same period in 2024. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the fair value of the MSR, including the hedge, decreased $5.1 million and $6.4 million, respectively.

The following table presents the Company’s mortgage banking operations for the periods indicated:

TABLE 10— MORTGAGE BANKING OPERATIONS

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
   
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
2025
   
2024
   
% Change
   
2025
   
2024
   
% Change
 
Production revenue:
                                   
Origination
 
$
4,362
   
$
3,976
     
9.7
%
 
$
7,765
   
$
7,141
     
8.7
%
Servicing
   
6,372
     
5,899
     
8.0
     
12,712
     
11,850
     
7.3
 
Total origination and servicing revenue
   
10,734
     
9,875
     
8.7
     
20,477
     
18,991
     
7.8
 
MSR and hedge market value adjustment
   
(2,023
)
   
(3,702
)
   
45.4
     
(5,128
)
   
(6,375
)
   
19.6
 
Total mortgage banking revenue
 
$
8,711
   
$
6,173
     
41.1
%
 
$
15,349
   
$
12,616
     
21.7
%
 
                                               
Origination of mortgage loans held for sale
 
$
351,319
   
$
299,552
     
17.3
%
 
$
586,725
   
$
522,428
     
12.3
%
Mortgage loans serviced at quarter-end
  $
8,216,970
    $
7,824,895
     
5.0
%   $
8,216,970
    $
7,824,895
     
5.0
%

BOLI income consists of death benefits and earnings on the cash surrender value. For the second quarter of 2025 and the six months ended June 30, 2025, BOLI income increased $2.4 million and $3.7 million, respectively, from the comparable periods in 2024. These increases resulted primarily from increases in death benefits received.

Credit related fees consist of interest rate swap income, letter of credit fees, unused line fees, and arrangement fees. For the second quarter of 2025, and the six months ended June 30, 2025, credit related fees increased 58.9% and 25.4%, respectively, from the comparable periods in 2024. The primary drivers of these increases were increases in swap derivative income and in arrangement fees.

SBA income consists of gains and losses on the sale of SBA loans, servicing fees, and various fees related to processing SBA loans. SBA income increased 91.1% during the second quarter of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 and increased 41.6% during the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the same periods in 2024. The increases incurred during the 2025 periods are due to increases of $26.6 million and $32.2 million in SBA loans sold during the quarter and YTD periods ended June 30, 2025, respectively. The second quarter 2025 sales increase was favorably impacted by the addition of FCB’s SBA business.

77

Other miscellaneous income consists of various fees, gains and losses, and other revenue. For the second quarter of 2025, and the six months ended June 30, 2025, other miscellaneous income decreased 50.8% and 36.1%, respectively, from the comparable periods in 2024. These decreases were primarily driven by the gain of $15.0 million on sales of businesses that occurred in second quarter 2024.

Noninterest Expense

The components of noninterest expense for the periods indicated and the percentage change between periods are shown in the following table:

TABLE 11—NONINTEREST EXPENSE

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
   
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
2025
   
2024
   
% Change
   
2025
   
2024
   
% Change
 
Salaries and employee benefits
 
$
157,340
   
$
148,038
     
6.3
%
 
$
310,312
   
$
304,689
     
1.8
%
Occupancy and equipment
   
30,039
     
29,367
     
2.3
     
58,516
     
58,007
     
0.9
 
Data processing and software
   
30,701
     
29,467
     
4.2
     
57,833
     
59,494
     
(2.8
)
Deposit insurance assessments
   
8,571
     
15,741
     
(45.5
)
   
17,214
     
24,156
     
(28.7
)
Amortization of intangibles
   
4,046
     
3,999
     
1.2
     
7,714
     
8,065
     
(4.4
)
Merger expense
   
2,179
     
     
100.0
     
2,494
     
     
100.0
 
Advertising and public relations (1)
   
7,304
     
6,537
     
11.7
     
11,461
     
10,760
     
6.5
 
Foreclosed property expense (1)
   
757
     
515
     
46.9
     
1,621
     
783
     
107.1
 
Telecommunications (1)
   
1,330
     
1,441
     
(7.7
)
   
2,842
     
2,985
     
(4.8
)
Travel and entertainment (1)
   
2,829
     
2,549
     
11.0
     
5,266
     
4,785
     
10.1
 
Professional, consulting and outsourcing (1)
   
4,043
     
3,534
     
14.4
     
8,775
     
7,469
     
17.5
 
Legal (1)
   
8,111
     
758
   
NM
     
11,669
     
4,440
     
162.8
 
Postage and shipping (1)
   
1,797
     
1,622
     
10.8
     
3,571
     
3,827
     
(6.7
)
Other miscellaneous expense (1)
   
13,816
     
13,129
     
5.2
     
32,924
     
30,444
     
8.1
 
Total noninterest expense
 
$
272,863
   
$
256,697
     
6.3
%
 
$
532,212
   
$
519,904
     
2.4
%
 
(1)
Included in other expense on the consolidated statements of income.

Noninterest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2025, was $272.9 million, an increase of $16.2 million, or 6.3%, from the same period in 2024. Noninterest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025, was $532.2 million, an increase of $12.3 million, or 2.4%, from the same period in 2024. Both the quarter over quarter increase and the year over year increase primarily resulted from increases in salaries and employee benefits and increases in legal expenses, partially offset by a decrease in deposit insurance assessments.

Salaries and employee benefits expense was the largest category of our noninterest expense. Salaries and employee benefits increased $9.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, and increased $5.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the same periods in 2024. The increases resulted primarily from the addition of First Chatham in the second quarter of 2025, an increase in commissions expense associated with strong fee revenue performance and increased payroll taxes attributable to increased salaries, commissions, and incentive payments.

78

The components of salary and employee benefits expense for the periods indicated and the percentage change between periods are shown in the following table:
 
TABLE 12—SALARIES AND EMPLOYEE BENEFITS EXPENSE

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
   
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
2025
   
2024
   
% Change
   
2025
   
2024
   
% Change
 
Regular salaries, net of deferred salaries
 
$
90,885
   
$
89,486
     
1.6
%
 
$
185,775
   
$
188,109
     
(1.2
)%
Commissions and incentive compensation
   
38,450
     
33,553
     
14.6
     
67,558
     
61,581
     
9.7
 
Taxes and employee benefits
   
28,005
     
24,999
     
12.0
     
56,979
     
54,999
     
3.6
 
Total salaries and employee benefits
 
$
157,340
   
$
148,038
     
6.3
%
 
$
310,312
   
$
304,689
     
1.8
%

Deposit insurance assessments consist of amounts paid to the FDIC for deposit insurance which consist of both regular quarterly assessments and special assessments that are implemented by the FDIC to increase the level of the DIF. Deposit insurance premiums decreased $7.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, and decreased $6.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the same periods in 2024. The quarter over quarter and year over year decreases are attributable to the 2024 adjustments to the FDIC special assessment that did not repeat in 2025.

Merger expenses consists of one-time expenses related to the acquisition of another business. Merger expenses increased $2.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, and increased $2.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the same periods in 2024. These increases were incurred due to the recent mergers with FCB Financial and Industry.

Legal expenses consist of legal fees paid to external attorneys and accruals for the settlement of various legal matters that arise in the ordinary course of business. Legal fees increased $7.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, and increased $7.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the same periods in 2024. The increases resulted primarily from increases of $5.6 million and $4.7 million in legal settlements for the quarterly and year-to-date 2025 periods, respectively.

Income Taxes

The Company recorded an income tax expense of $37.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $40.8 million for the same period in 2024. The decrease in tax expense in 2025 can be attributed to a reduction of excess salary disallowance.

The Company recorded an income tax expense of $73.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $76.3 million for the same period in 2024. The decrease in tax expense in 2025 can be attributed to a reduction of excess salary disallowance.

The effective tax rate was 21.9% and 21.6% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, compared to 22.9% and 23.1% for the same periods in 2024. The decrease in the effective tax rate was the result of a reduction of excess salary disallowance and excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation.

 In August 2022, the IRA of 2022 was signed into law to address inflation, healthcare costs, climate change and renewal energy incentives, among other things. Included in the IRA of 2022 are provisions for the creation of a 15% CAMT that is effective for tax years beginning January 1, 2023 for corporations with an average annual adjusted financial statement income in excess of $1 billion. Based on information available to date, we do not anticipate that the Company will be subject to the 15% CAMT in 2025, absent any further changes in law.

In July 2025, the OBBB Act was signed into law which both extended many soon to expire provisions of the TCJA and made several additional changes to the Internal Revenue Code. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the new law may have on its consolidated financial statements.

79

FINANCIAL CONDITION

The percentage of earning assets to total assets measures the effectiveness of management’s efforts to invest available funds representing the most efficient and profitable uses. Earning assets at June 30, 2025 were $45.4 billion, or 90.1% of total assets, compared with $42.4 billion, or 90.1% of total assets, at December 31, 2024.

TABLE 13—FINANCIAL CONDITION SUMMARY


 
(In thousands)
   
As of and For the
Six Months Ended
June 30, 2025
     
As of and For the
Year Ended
December 31, 2024
 
Period-End Balances:
     
Total assets
 
$
50,378,840
   
$
47,019,190
 
Available for sale securities, at fair value
   
8,837,400
     
7,293,988
 
Loans and leases, net of unearned income
   
35,465,181
     
33,741,755
 
Total deposits
   
40,493,518
     
40,496,201
 
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase
   
21,225
     
23,616
 
Short-term FHLB borrowings
   
1,575,000
     
 
Subordinated and long-term borrowings
   
1,430,674
     
10,706
 
Total shareholders' equity
   
5,916,283
     
5,569,683
 
Common shareholders' equity
   
5,749,290
     
5,402,690
 
Average Balances:
               
Total assets
   
48,252,199
     
47,973,279
 
Available for sale securities, at fair value
   
8,062,495
     
7,962,869
 
Loans and leases, net of unearned income
   
34,355,873
     
33,107,659
 
Total deposits
   
40,124,186
     
38,475,929
 
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase
   
20,715
     
81,092
 
Federal funds purchased and short-term BTFP and FHLB borrowings
   
767,624
     
2,850,981
 
Subordinated and long-term borrowings
   
736,885
     
306,396
 
Total shareholders' equity
   
5,739,821
     
5,353,705
 
Common shareholders' equity
   
5,572,828
     
5,186,712
 

80


Securities

The Company uses its securities portfolio as a source of revenue and liquidity, and to serve as collateral to secure certain types of deposits and borrowings. These securities, which are available for possible sale, are recorded at fair value. The following table shows the carrying value of the Company’s AFS securities by investment category for the periods indicated:

TABLE 14—AVAILABLE FOR SALE SECURITIES SUMMARY

(In thousands)
 
June 30, 2025
   
December 31, 2024
 
Available for sale securities:
           
U.S. government agency securities
 
$
266,905
   
$
281,231
 
MBS issued or guaranteed by U.S. agencies
               
Residential pass-through:
               
Guaranteed by GNMA
   
64,464
     
66,581
 
Issued by FNMA and FHLMC
   
4,166,316
     
3,965,556
 
Other residential MBS
   
2,389,062
     
934,721
 
Commercial MBS
   
1,455,638
     
1,549,641
 
Total MBS
   
8,075,480
     
6,516,499
 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
   
131,335
     
132,069
 
Corporate debt securities
   
45,999
     
47,402
 
Foreign debt securities
   
317,681
     
316,787
 
Total
 
$
8,837,400
   
$
7,293,988
 

At June 30, 2025, the Company’s AFS securities totaled $8.8 billion compared to $7.3 billion at December 31, 2024. The increase of $1.5 billion, or 21.2%, was primarily driven by the purchases of $2.0 billion of higher yielding securities during the period. The increase was offset by the maturities and paydowns of $644.1 million and the sale of $45.6 million of AFS securities during the six month period.

Net unrealized losses on AFS securities at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 totaled $700.2 million and $853.7 million, respectively. At June 30, 2025, management believes that the unrealized losses are due to noncredit-related factors, such as changes in interest rates and other market conditions (see Note 3 to these unaudited consolidated financial statements).

81

The following table shows the maturities and weighted average yields for the carrying value of the AFS securities for the periods indicated:

TABLE 15—MATURITY DISTRIBUTION OF AFS SECURITIES

   
June 30, 2025
   
December 31, 2024
 
   
Estimated
Fair Value
   
Weighted
Average
Yield
   
Estimated
Fair Value
   
Weighted
Average
Yield
 
(Dollars in thousands)
                       
U.S. government agency securities:
                       
Due in one to five years
 
$
7,057
     
3.39
%
 
$
8,364
     
3.76
%
Due in five to ten years
   
190,089
     
3.65
     
204,624
     
4.10
 
Due after ten years
   
69,759
     
2.10
     
68,243
     
2.14
 
U.S. government agency securities total
   
266,905
     
3.24
     
281,231
     
3.62
 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
                               
Due in one to five years
   
9,227
     
2.89
     
9,295
     
2.92
 
Due in five to ten years
   
15,913
     
2.18
     
15,563
     
2.22
 
Due after ten years
   
106,195
     
2.70
     
107,211
     
2.69
 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions total
   
131,335
     
2.65
     
132,069
     
2.66
 
Corporate debt securities:
                               
Due in five to ten years
   
44,225
     
4.76
     
45,702
     
4.77
 
Due after ten years
   
1,774
     
4.50
     
1,700
     
4.50
 
Corporate debt securities total
   
45,999
     
4.75
     
47,402
     
4.76
 
Foreign debt securities:
                               
Due in one to five years
   
88,712
     
3.19
     
87,855
     
3.36
 
Due in five to ten years
   
228,969
     
4.79
     
228,932
     
5.16
 
Foreign debt securities total
   
317,681
     
4.34
     
316,787
     
4.66
 
                                 
Total securities due in one to five years
   
104,996
     
3.18
     
105,514
     
3.35
 
Total securities due in five to ten years
   
479,196
     
4.25
     
494,821
     
4.59
 
Total securities due after ten years
   
177,728
     
2.48
     
177,154
     
2.50
 
MBS
   
8,075,480
     
3.41
     
6,516,499
     
2.87
 
Total estimated fair value
 
$
8,837,400
     
3.43
%
 
$
7,293,988
     
2.98
%

The weighted average yields reported in Table 15 have been calculated using the average daily balance of the related securities. The yields on tax-exempt obligations of states and political subdivisions have been adjusted to a taxable equivalent basis using a 21% tax rate.

82

Loans and Leases

The Company’s loans and leases held for investment portfolio represents the largest single component of the Company’s earning asset base. Average loans and leases comprised 78.6% and 75.9% of average earning assets during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company’s lending activities include both commercial and consumer loans and leases. The Company has established systematic procedures for approving and monitoring loans and leases that vary depending on the size and nature of the loan or lease and applies these procedures in a disciplined manner. The Company also acts as agent or participant in syndications and other financing arrangements with other financial institutions. The Company’s loans and leases are widely diversified by borrower and industry. Loans and leases, net of unearned income, totaled $35.5 billion at June 30, 2025, representing a 5.1% increase from $33.7 billion at December 31, 2024.

The following table shows the composition of the Company’s loan and lease portfolio by segment and class at the dates indicated:

TABLE 16—LOANS AND LEASES PORTFOLIO

(In thousands)
 
June 30, 2025
   
December 31, 2024
 
Commercial and industrial
           
Non-real estate
 
$
9,049,094
   
$
8,670,529
 
Owner occupied
   
4,762,408
     
4,665,015
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
13,811,502
     
13,335,544
 
Commercial real estate
               
Construction, acquisition and development
   
3,464,124
     
3,909,184
 
Income producing
   
7,025,539
     
6,015,773
 
Total commercial real estate
   
10,489,663
     
9,924,957
 
Consumer
               
Residential mortgages
   
10,951,618
     
10,267,883
 
Other consumer
   
212,398
     
213,371
 
Total consumer
   
11,164,016
     
10,481,254
 
Total loans and leases, net of unearned income (1) (2)
 
$
35,465,181
   
$
33,741,755
 

(1)
Total loans and leases are net of $23.9 million and $21.4 million of unearned income at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
(2)
Total loans and leases include $382.6 million of FCB loans acquired on May 1, 2025. See Note 2 to the unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional details.

The following table shows the Company’s loan and lease portfolio by segment and class at the dates indicated by geographical location.

TABLE 17—LOANS AND LEASES BY GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

   
June 30, 2025
 
(In thousands)
 
Alabama
   
Arkansas
   
Florida
   
Georgia
   
Louisiana
   
Mississippi
   
Missouri
   
Tennessee
   
Texas
   
Other
   
Total
 
Commercial and industrial
                                                                 
Non-real estate
 
$
461,841
   
$
150,416
   
$
578,930
   
$
463,910
   
$
380,995
   
$
566,433
   
$
73,659
   
$
335,082
   
$
3,560,172
   
$
2,477,656
   
$
9,049,094
 
Owner occupied
   
327,424
     
247,534
     
306,486
     
412,620
     
288,772
     
591,957
     
99,690
     
157,107
     
1,861,471
     
469,347
     
4,762,408
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
789,265
     
397,950
     
885,416
     
876,530
     
669,767
     
1,158,390
     
173,349
     
492,189
     
5,421,643
     
2,947,003
     
13,811,502
 
Commercial real estate
                                                                                       
Construction, acquisition and development
   
223,889
     
67,466
     
234,381
     
359,066
     
60,759
     
167,989
     
39,054
     
179,527
     
1,671,287
     
460,706
     
3,464,124
 
Income producing
   
475,388
     
278,193
     
673,011
     
1,021,286
     
229,432
     
415,358
     
220,172
     
327,886
     
2,459,308
     
925,505
     
7,025,539
 
Total commercial real estate
   
699,277
     
345,659
     
907,392
     
1,380,352
     
290,191
     
583,347
     
259,226
     
507,413
     
4,130,595
     
1,386,211
     
10,489,663
 
Consumer
                                                                                       
Residential mortgages
   
1,324,421
     
451,893
     
720,256
     
526,537
     
494,173
     
1,253,916
     
231,680
     
864,729
     
4,816,298
     
267,715
     
10,951,618
 
Other consumer
   
27,540
     
18,585
     
5,066
     
9,182
     
10,739
     
84,064
     
1,353
     
16,712
     
33,853
     
5,304
     
212,398
 
Total consumer
   
1,351,961
     
470,478
     
725,322
     
535,719
     
504,912
     
1,337,980
     
233,033
     
881,441
     
4,850,151
     
273,019
     
11,164,016
 
Total
 
$
2,840,503
   
$
1,214,087
   
$
2,518,130
   
$
2,792,601
   
$
1,464,870
   
$
3,079,717
   
$
665,608
   
$
1,881,043
   
$
14,402,389
   
$
4,606,233
   
$
35,465,181
 

83

   
December 31, 2024
 
(In thousands)
 
Alabama
   
Arkansas
   
Florida
   
Georgia
   
Louisiana
   
Mississippi
   
Missouri
   
Tennessee
   
Texas
   
Other
   
Total
 
Commercial and industrial
                                                                 
Non-real estate
 
$
413,359
   
$
169,534
   
$
532,224
   
$
446,812
   
$
371,543
   
$
536,651
   
$
64,846
   
$
399,346
   
$
3,478,755
   
$
2,257,459
   
$
8,670,529
 
Owner occupied
   
337,580
     
253,538
     
308,545
     
400,342
     
298,787
     
624,950
     
107,443
     
159,058
     
1,708,113
     
466,659
     
4,665,015
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
750,939
     
423,072
     
840,769
     
847,154
     
670,330
     
1,161,601
     
172,289
     
558,404
     
5,186,868
     
2,724,118
     
13,335,544
 
Commercial real estate
                                                                                       
Construction, acquisition and development
   
230,810
     
65,358
     
438,173
     
543,249
     
36,194
     
169,336
     
45,690
     
180,566
     
1,656,715
     
543,093
     
3,909,184
 
Income producing
   
437,146
     
259,767
     
477,493
     
613,337
     
226,849
     
424,078
     
204,119
     
319,560
     
2,298,344
     
755,080
     
6,015,773
 
Total commercial real estate
   
667,956
     
325,125
     
915,666
     
1,156,586
     
263,043
     
593,414
     
249,809
     
500,126
     
3,955,059
     
1,298,173
     
9,924,957
 
Consumer
                                                                                       
Residential mortgages
   
1,300,485
     
425,602
     
709,335
     
449,117
     
478,947
     
1,214,542
     
210,712
     
796,490
     
4,436,803
     
245,850
     
10,267,883
 
Other consumer
   
27,186
     
17,653
     
5,002
     
7,817
     
10,653
     
86,059
     
1,322
     
16,668
     
36,559
     
4,452
     
213,371
 
Total consumer
   
1,327,671
     
443,255
     
714,337
     
456,934
     
489,600
     
1,300,601
     
212,034
     
813,158
     
4,473,362
     
250,302
     
10,481,254
 
Total
 
$
2,746,566
   
$
1,191,452
   
$
2,470,772
   
$
2,460,674
   
$
1,422,973
   
$
3,055,616
   
$
634,132
   
$
1,871,688
   
$
13,615,289
   
$
4,272,593
   
$
33,741,755
 

Loans Acquired in Mergers and Acquisitions

In connection with past bank acquisitions, the Company acquired loans both with and without evidence of credit quality deterioration since origination. Acquired loans are recorded at their fair value at the time of acquisition with no carryover from the acquired institution’s previously recorded ACL.

Fair values for loans were estimated based on a discounted cash flow methodology (income approach) that considered factors including loan type and related collateral, classification status, remaining term of the loan (in months), fixed or variable interest rate, past delinquencies, timing of principal and interest payments, current market rates, LTV, and current discount rates. The discount rate did not include an explicit factor for credit losses, as it was included as a reduction to the estimated cash flows. Large loans were specifically reviewed to evaluate credit risk. The resulting fair value adjustment is recorded in the form of a premium or discount to the unpaid principal balance of each acquired loan. As it relates to acquired loans that, as of the date of acquisition, have experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination (“PCD”), the net premium or net discount is adjusted to reflect the Company’s ACL recorded for PCD loans at the time of acquisition, and the remaining fair value adjustment not related to credit is accreted or amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan. As it relates to acquired loans not classified as PCD (“non-PCD”) loans, the credit loss and yield components of the fair value adjustment are aggregated, and the resulting net premium or net discount is accreted or amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan. The Company records an ACL for non-PCD loans at the time of acquisition through provision expense, and therefore, no further adjustments are made to the net premium or net discount for non-PCD loans. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company’s ACL recorded for acquired PCD and non-PCD loans was $8.1 million and $4.2 million, respectively, due to the FCB acquisition. The book value of the acquired loans was $387.3 million.

In addition, a grade is assigned to each loan during the valuation process. For acquired loans that are not individually reviewed during the valuation process, such loans are assumed to have characteristics similar to the assigned rating of the acquired institution’s risk rating, adjusted for any estimated differences between the Company’s rating methodology and the acquired institution’s risk rating methodology. Acquired loans that are individually evaluated at the acquisition date are assigned a specific reserve in the same manner as other loans individually evaluated and are assigned an internal grade representing PCD with Loss Exposure.

The following is a discussion of the Company’s segments and classes of loans and leases:

Commercial and Industrial

Non-Real Estate – The Company engages in lending to small and medium-sized business enterprises and government entities through its community banking locations and to regional and national business enterprises through its corporate banking division. C&I loans are loans and leases to finance business operations, equipment and owner-occupied facilities. These include both lines of credit and term loans which are amortized over the useful life of the assets financed. Personal and/or corporate guarantees are generally obtained where available and prudent. Also included in this category are loans to finance agricultural production. The Company recognizes that risk from economic cycles, commodity prices, government regulation, supply-chain disruptions, product innovations or obsolescence, operational errors, lawsuits, natural disasters, fraud, losses due to theft or embezzlement, loss of sponsor support, health or loss of key personnel, or competitive situations may adversely affect the scheduled repayment of business loans. In addition, risks in the agricultural sector including crop failures due to weather, insects and other blights, commodity prices, governmental intervention, lawsuits, labor or logistical disruptions. Non-real estate loans increased 4.4% from December 31, 2024 to June 30, 2025.

84

Owner Occupied  Owner occupied loans include loans secured by business facilities to finance business operations, equipment, agricultural land and owner-occupied facilities. These include both lines of credit and term loans which are amortized over the useful life of the assets financed. Personal guarantees are generally obtained where available and prudent. The Company recognizes that risk from economic cycles, government regulation, supply-chain disruptions, product innovations or obsolescence, operational errors, lawsuits, natural disasters, losses due to theft or embezzlement, health or loss of key personnel, or competitive situations may adversely affect the scheduled repayment of business loans. Owner occupied loans increased 2.1% from December 31, 2024 to June 30, 2025.

Commercial Real Estate

Construction, Acquisition and Development – CAD loans include both term loans and credit lines for construction of commercial, industrial, residential, and multi-family buildings and for purchasing, carrying, and developing land into residential subdivisions or various types of commercial developments, such as industrial, warehouse, retail, office, and multi-family. The Company generally engages in construction and development lending primarily in markets served by its branches. The Company recognizes that risks are inherent in the financing of real estate development and construction. These risks include location, market conditions and price volatility, changes in interest rates, demand for developed land, lots and buildings, desirability of features and styling of completed developments and buildings, competition from other developments and builders, traffic patterns, remote work patterns, governmental jurisdiction, tax structure, availability of utilities, roads, public transportation and schools, availability of permanent financing for homebuyers, zoning, environmental restrictions, lawsuits, economic and business cycle, or labor and reputation of the builder or developer. CAD loans decreased 11.4% from December 31, 2024 to June 30, 2025.

Each CAD loan is underwritten to address: (i) the desirability of the project, its market viability and projected absorption period; (ii) the credit worthiness of the borrower and the guarantor, if applicable, as to liquidity, cash flow and assets available to ensure performance of the loan; (iii) equity contribution to the project; (iv) the developer’s experience and success with similar projects; and (ev) the value of the collateral.

Income Producing  Income producing loans include loans to finance income-producing commercial and multi-family properties. Lending in this category is generally limited to properties located in the Company’s market area with only limited exposure to properties located elsewhere. Loans in this category include loans for neighborhood retail centers, medical and professional offices, single retail stores, warehouses and apartments leased generally to local businesses and residents. The underwriting of these loans takes into consideration the occupancy and rental rates as well as the financial health of the borrower. The Company’s exposure to national retail tenants is limited. The Company recognizes that risk from economic cycles, delayed or missed rent payments, supply-chain disruptions, operational errors, lawsuits, natural disasters, losses due to theft or embezzlement, health or loss of key personnel, or competitive situations may adversely affect the scheduled repayment of business loans. Income producing loans increased 16.8% from December 31, 2024 to June 30, 2025.

Consumer

Residential Mortgages  Consumer mortgages are first or second-lien loans to consumers secured by a primary residence or second home. This category includes traditional mortgages and home equity loans and revolving lines of credit. The loans are generally secured by properties located primarily in markets served by the Company’s branches. These loans are underwritten in accordance with the Company’s general loan policy and procedures which require, among other things, proper documentation of each borrower’s financial condition, satisfactory credit history, and property value. In addition to loans originated for the Company’s portfolio, the Company originates and services consumer mortgages sold in the secondary market which are underwritten and closed pursuant to investor and agency guidelines. Residential mortgages increased 6.7% from December 31, 2024 to June 30, 2025.

Other Consumer  Other consumer lending includes consumer credit card accounts as well as personal revolving lines of credit and installment loans. The Company offers credit cards primarily to its deposit and loan customers. Consumer installment loans include term loans of up to five years secured by automobiles, boats and recreational vehicles. The Company recognizes that there are risks in consumer lending, which include interruptions in the borrower’s personal and investment income due to loss of employment, market conditions, and general economic conditions, deterioration in the health and well being of the borrower and family members, natural disasters, lawsuits, losses, or inability to generate income due to injury, accidents, theft, vandalism, or incarceration. Other consumer loans decreased 0.5% from December 31, 2024 to June 30, 2025.

85

Selected Loan Maturity and Interest Rate Sensitivity

The maturity distribution of the Company’s loan portfolio is one factor in management’s evaluation of the risk characteristics of the loan and lease portfolio. The interest rate sensitivity of the Company’s loan and lease portfolio is important in the management of net interest margin. The Company attempts to manage the relationship between the interest rate sensitivity of its assets and liabilities to produce an effective interest differential that is not significantly impacted by changes in the level of interest rates (See - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk). The following table shows the maturity distribution based on remaining maturities of the Company’s loan and lease portfolio and the interest rate sensitivity of the Company’s loans and leases maturing after one year at June 30, 2025:

TABLE 18—INTEREST RATE SENSITIVITY OF LOANS AND LEASES


  June 30,2025
 

                         
Rate Structure for Loans
Maturing Over One Year
 
 
(In thousands)
 
One Year
or Less
   
Over One
Year through
Five Years
   
Over Five
Years through
Fifteen Years
   
Over Fifteen
Years
   
Fixed
Interest Rate
   
Variable
Interest Rate
 
Commercial and industrial
                                   
Non-real estate
 
$
1,719,741
   
$
5,913,609
   
$
1,338,048
   
$
77,696
   
$
880,636
   
$
6,448,717
 
Owner occupied
   
273,756
     
1,073,928
     
1,808,322
     
1,606,402
     
1,450,607
     
3,038,045
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
1,993,497
     
6,987,537
     
3,146,370
     
1,684,098
     
2,331,243
     
9,486,762
 
Commercial real estate
                                               
Construction, acquisition and development
   
1,321,746
     
788,888
     
592,584
     
760,906
     
285,510
     
1,856,868
 
 Income producing
    1,479,529
      1,878,945
      1,096,863
      2,570,202
      926,291
     
4,619,719
 
Total commercial real estate
   
2,801,275
     
2,667,833
     
1,689,447
     
3,331,108
     
1,211,801
     
6,476,587
 
Consumer
                                               
Residential mortgages
   
179,330
     
260,963
     
1,076,198
     
9,435,127
     
4,156,462
     
6,615,826
 
Other consumer
   
39,262
     
161,183
     
11,279
     
674
     
78,447
     
94,689
 
Total consumer
   
218,592
     
422,146
     
1,087,477
     
9,435,801
     
4,234,909
     
6,710,515
 
Total
 
$
5,013,364
   
$
10,077,516
   
$
5,923,294
   
$
14,451,007
   
$
7,777,953
   
$
22,673,864
 

Loans Held-for-Sale

At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, loans held for sale totaled $272.1 million and $244.2 million, respectively. Included in loans held for sale are loans sold to GNMA with an option to repurchase, totaling $62.9 million and $69.0 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company records the GNMA loans at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets with a corresponding liability. GNMA optional repurchase programs allow financial institutions to buy back individual delinquent mortgage loans that meet certain criteria (90 days or more past due) from the securitized loan pool for which the institution provides servicing. At the servicer’s option and without GNMA’s prior authorization, the servicer may repurchase such a delinquent loan for an amount equal to 100% of the remaining principal balance of the loan. Under ASC 860, this buyback option is considered a conditional option until the delinquency criteria are met, at which time the option becomes unconditional. When the Company is deemed to have regained effective control over these loans under the unconditional buyback option, the loans can no longer be reported as sold and must be brought back onto the consolidated balance sheet as loans held for sale, regardless of whether the Company intends to exercise the buy-back option. These GNMA loans are not included in the NPL totals (See Table 19).

86

Asset Quality

Nonperforming Assets

NPA consists of NPL, OREO, and other repossessed assets. The decrease from December 31, 2024 to June 30, 2025 in NPA was driven by the decrease of $33.4 million, or 12.6%, in nonaccrual loans and leases (See Tables 20 and 21). The majority of the decrease in nonaccrual loans and leases was located in the C&I non-real estate and CRE income producing segments. The decrease was partially offset by the increase of $9.8 million, or 171.1%, in foreclosed OREO and other NPA. NPA were as follows as of each period presented:

TABLE 19—NONPERFORMING ASSETS

(Dollars in thousands)
  June 30, 2025
    December 31, 2024
 
Total NPL(1)
 
$
231,243
   
$
264,692
 
Foreclosed OREO and other NPA
   
15,599
     
5,754
 
Total NPA
 
$
246,842
   
$
270,446
 
NPL to total loans and leases
   
0.65
%
   
0.78
%
NPA to total assets
   
0.49
%
   
0.58
%
 
               
GNMA loans 90 or more days past due eligible for repurchase
 
$
62,947
   
$
68,993
 
 
               
Government guaranteed portion of nonaccrual loans and leases covered by the SBA, FHA, VA or USDA
 
$
94,046
   
$
89,906
 
 
               
Loans and leases 90+ days past due, still accruing
 
$
5,208
   
$
13,126
 

(1)
See Tables 20 and 21 for more information regarding NPL.
 
Nonperforming Loans

NPL consist of nonaccrual loans and leases. The Company’s policy provides that loans and leases are generally placed in nonaccrual status if, in management’s opinion, payment in full of principal or interest is not expected or payment of principal or interest is more than 90 days past due for commercial loans and 120 days past due for consumer loans, unless the loan or lease is both well-secured and in the process of collection. NPL decreased 12.6% at June 30, 2025, compared to December 31, 2024. NPL as a percentage of net loans and leases decreased from 0.8% at December 31, 2024 to 0.7% at June 30, 2025. NPL trends decreased during the first half of 2025, primarily due to the charge-off of two asset-based lending credits. With the current forecast, the Company expects a moderate correlation between NPL trends and provision amounts.

Included in NPL at June 30, 2025 were loans of $44.9 million that are individually analyzed collateral-dependent loans for which a specific provision has been considered to address the unsupported exposure. Collateral-dependent loans are typically assigned an internal rating of impaired or PCD (loss). However, additional risk ratings can be used as needed to align with regulatory definitions. PCD (loss) represent loans with evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination that are acquired, and for which it was probable, at acquisition, that the bank will be unable to collect all contractually required payments. At June 30, 2025, $36.5 million of nonperforming collateral-dependent loans for which a specific provision has been considered were rated as impaired and $8.4 million were rated as doubtful. Nonperforming collateral-dependent loans had a specific reserve of $11.0 million included in the total ACL of $474.7 million at June 30, 2025, and were net of $23.7 million in partial charge-downs previously taken on these impaired loans. At June 30, 2025, there were no net partial charge-downs previously taken on PCD (loss) loans.

NPL at December 31, 2024 included $75.8 million of nonperforming collateral-dependent loans that had a specific reserve of $16.9 million included in the ACL of $460.8 million at December 31, 2024, and were net of $1.9 million in partial charge-downs previously taken on these impaired loans. Included in the $75.8 million of nonperforming collateral-dependent loans at December 31, 2024 were $67.1 million rated as impaired and $8.7 million rated as doubtful. At December 31, 2024, there were no net partial charge-downs previously taken on PCD (loss) loans.

87

The following table presents the Company’s NPL by geographical location at the dates indicated:

TABLE 20—NONPERFORMING LOANS AND LEASES BY GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

   
June 30, 2025
   
December 31, 2024
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
Amortized Cost
   
Total NPL
   
NPL as a
% of
Amortized Cost
   
Amortized Cost
   
Total NPL
   
NPL as a
% of
Amortized Cost
 
Alabama
 
$
2,840,503
   
$
24,349
     
0.86
%
 
$
2,746,566
   
$
22,394
     
0.82
%
Arkansas
   
1,214,087
     
5,066
     
0.42
     
1,191,452
     
2,292
     
0.19
 
Florida
   
2,518,130
     
16,210
     
0.64
     
2,470,772
     
30,380
     
1.23
 
Georgia
   
2,792,601
     
14,153
     
0.51
     
2,460,674
     
17,245
     
0.70
 
Louisiana
   
1,464,870
     
3,468
     
0.24
     
1,422,973
     
5,669
     
0.40
 
Mississippi
   
3,079,717
     
15,281
     
0.50
     
3,055,616
     
13,702
     
0.45
 
Missouri
   
665,608
     
2,701
     
0.41
     
634,132
     
3,359
     
0.53
 
Tennessee
   
1,881,043
     
19,227
     
1.02
     
1,871,688
     
17,672
     
0.94
 
Texas
   
14,402,389
     
66,067
     
0.46
     
13,615,289
     
69,985
     
0.51
 
Other
   
4,606,233
     
64,721
     
1.41
     
4,272,593
     
81,994
     
1.92
 
Total
 
$
35,465,181
   
$
231,243
     
0.65
%
 
$
33,741,755
   
$
264,692
     
0.78
%

The following table provides additional details related to the Company’s loan and lease portfolio and the distribution of NPL by segment and class at the dates indicated:

TABLE 21—NONPERFORMING LOANS AND LEASES BY SEGMENT AND CLASS

   
June 30, 2025
   
December 31, 2024
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
Amortized Cost
   
Total NPL
   
NPL as a
% of
Amortized Cost
   
Amortized Cost
   
Total NPL
   
NPL as a
% of
Amortized Cost
 
Commercial and industrial
                                   
Non-real estate
 
$
9,049,094
   
$
123,960
     
1.37
%
 
$
8,670,529
   
$
145,115
     
1.67
%
Owner occupied
   
4,762,408
     
18,158
     
0.38
     
4,665,015
     
16,904
     
0.36
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
13,811,502
     
142,118
     
1.03
     
13,335,544
     
162,019
     
1.21
 
Commercial real estate
                                               
Construction, acquisition and development
   
3,464,124
     
9,307
     
0.27
     
3,909,184
     
8,600
     
0.22
 
Income producing
   
7,025,539
     
4,379
     
0.06
     
6,015,773
     
18,542
     
0.31
 
Total commercial real estate
   
10,489,663
     
13,686
     
0.13
     
9,924,957
     
27,142
     
0.27
 
Consumer
                                               
Residential mortgages
   
10,951,618
     
75,076
     
0.69
     
10,267,883
     
75,287
     
0.73
 
Other consumer
   
212,398
     
363
     
0.17
     
213,371
     
244
     
0.11
 
Total consumer
   
11,164,016
     
75,439
     
0.68
     
10,481,254
     
75,531
     
0.72
 
Total
 
$
35,465,181
   
$
231,243
     
0.65
%
 
$
33,741,755
   
$
264,692
     
0.78
%

88

The following table provides details regarding the aging of the Company’s NPL by segment and class at the dates indicated:

TABLE 22—AGING OF NONACCRUAL LOANS AND LEASES

    June 30, 2025  
(In thousands)
 
30-59 Days
Past Due
   
60-89 Days
Past Due
   
90+ Days
Past Due
   
Total
Past Due
   
Current
   
Total
Nonaccrual
 
Commercial and industrial
                                   
Non-real estate 
  $ 1,161    
$
193
   
$
81,467
   
$
82,821
   
$
41,139
   
$
123,960
 
Owner occupied 
    1,510      
103
     
13,517
     
15,130
     
3,028
     
18,158
 
Total commercial and industrial 
    2,671      
296
     
94,984
     
97,951
     
44,167
     
142,118
 
Commercial real estate
                                               
Construction, acquisition and development
   
     
290
     
8,483
     
8,773
     
534
     
9,307
 
Income producing
   
     
118
     
4,261
     
4,379
     
     
4,379
 
Total commercial real estate
   
     
408
     
12,744
     
13,152
     
534
     
13,686
 
Consumer
                                               
Residential mortgages
   
8,177
     
8,238
     
48,367
     
64,782
     
10,294
     
75,076
 
Other consumer
   
46
     
22
     
231
     
299
     
64
     
363
 
Total consumer
   
8,223
     
8,260
     
48,598
     
65,081
     
10,358
     
75,439
 
Total
 
$
10,894
   
$
8,964
   
$
156,326
   
$
176,184
   
$
55,059
   
$
231,243
 


  December 31, 2024  
(In thousands)
 
30-59 Days
Past Due
   
60-89 Days
Past Due
   
90+ Days
Past Due
   
Total
Past Due
   
Current
   
Total
Nonaccrual
 
Commercial and industrial
                                   
Non-real estate
 
$
1,943
   
$
357
   
$
93,758
   
$
96,058
   
$
49,057
   
$
145,115
 
Owner occupied
   
574
     
50
     
16,280
     
16,904
     
     
16,904
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
2,517
     
407
     
110,038
     
112,962
     
49,057
     
162,019
 
Commercial real estate
                                               
Construction, acquisition and development
   
     
21
     
8,579
     
8,600
     
     
8,600
 
Income producing
   
     
246
     
12,193
     
12,439
     
6,103
     
18,542
 
Total commercial real estate
   
     
267
     
20,772
     
21,039
     
6,103
     
27,142
 
Consumer
                                               
Residential mortgages
   
5,379
     
7,656
     
56,829
     
69,864
     
5,423
     
75,287
 
Other consumer
   
13
     
28
     
153
     
194
     
50
     
244
 
Total consumer
   
5,392
     
7,684
     
56,982
     
70,058
     
5,473
     
75,531
 
Total
 
$
7,909
   
$
8,358
   
$
187,792
   
$
204,059
   
$
60,633
   
$
264,692
 

OREO and Repossessed Assets

OREO consists of properties acquired through foreclosure. Repossessed assets consist of non-real estate assets acquired in partial or full settlement of loans. OREO and repossessed assets totaled $15.6 million and $5.8 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The increase of $9.8 million, or 171.1%, was primarily the result of increased OREO activity of $13.6 million, and the FCB acquisition of $1.6 million, partially offset by sales of $4.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025. The main types of OREO acquired during the period were CRE and residential mortgages.

Because a portion of the Company’s NPL have been determined to be collateral-dependent, management expects the resolution of a significant number of these loans may necessitate foreclosure proceedings resulting in further additions to OREO. At June 30, 2025, residential mortgages in process of foreclosure increased to $14.4 million compared to $19.7 million at December 31, 2024.

89

At the time of foreclosure, the fair value of the collateral for loans backed by real estate is typically determined by an appraisal performed by a third-party appraiser holding professional certifications. Such appraisals are then reviewed and evaluated by the Company’s internal appraisal group. A market value appraisal using a 180-360-day marketing period is typically ordered and the OREO is recorded at the time of foreclosure at its market value less estimated selling costs. For residential subdivisions that are not completed, the appraisals reflect the uncompleted status of the subdivision.

Since OREO is carried at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated selling costs on an ongoing basis, new appraisals are generally obtained on at least an annual basis and the OREO carrying values are adjusted accordingly. The type of appraisals typically used for these periodic reappraisals are “Restricted Use Appraisals,” meaning the appraisal is for client use only. Other indications of fair value are also used to attempt to ensure that OREO is carried at fair value. These include listing the property with a broker and acceptance of an offer to purchase from a third-party. If an OREO property is listed with a broker at an amount less than the current carrying value, the carrying value is adjusted to reflect the list price less estimated selling costs and if an offer to purchase is accepted at a price less than the current carrying value, the carrying value is adjusted to reflect that sales price, less estimated selling costs. The majority of the properties in OREO are actively marketed using a combination of real estate brokers, bank staff who are familiar with the particular properties and/or third parties.

Financial Difficulty Modifications

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, eliminating the recognition and measurement guidance on TDRs for creditors that have adopted ASC 326 and requiring them to make enhanced disclosures about loan modifications for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The guidance became effective for Cadence beginning January 1, 2023, and was adopted via the modified retrospective transition method.

With the removal of the TDR accounting model, the general loan modification guidance in Subtopic 310-20 is now applied to all loan modifications, including modifications made for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Under this guidance, a modification is treated as a new loan only if both: 1) the terms of the new loan are at least as favorable to the lender as the terms for comparable loans to other customers with similar collection risks, and 2) modifications to the terms of the original loan are more than minor. If either condition is not met, the modification is accounted for as the continuation of the old loan with any effect of the modification treated as a prospective adjustment to the loan’s EIR. Modifications in scope for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty may include principal forgiveness, other-than-insignificant payment delay, interest rate reduction, or a combination of modifications. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the most common individual concessions were related to term extensions and payment deferrals. Other concessions included interest rate reductions.

At June 30, 2025, loans that were modified within the past six months for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty totaled $87.5 million, or 0.3%, of total loans and leases, net of unearned income. Loans are considered to be in payment default at 90 or more days past due for purposes of assessing modified loans for default. See Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information for these loans.

Loan Concentrations

At June 30, 2025, the Company did not have any concentration of loans or leases in excess of 10% of total loans and leases outstanding which were not otherwise disclosed as a category of loans or leases. Loan concentrations are considered to exist when there are amounts loaned to multiple borrowers engaged in similar activities which would cause them to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions. The Company conducts business in a geographically concentrated area and has a significant amount of loans secured by real estate to borrowers in varying activities and businesses but does not consider these factors alone in identifying loan concentrations. The ability of the Company’s borrowers to repay loans is somewhat dependent upon the economic conditions prevailing in the Company’s market areas.

Internally Assigned Grades on Loans

The Company utilizes an internal loan classification system that is updated to perpetually grade loans according to certain credit quality indicators. These credit quality indicators include, but are not limited to, recent credit performance, delinquency, liquidity, cash flows, debt coverage ratios, collateral type and loan-to-value ratio. See Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements.

90

The following table provides details of the Company’s loan and lease portfolio by segment, class, and internally assigned grade at the dates indicated:

TABLE 23—GRADES ON LOANS AND LEASES

    June 30, 2025  
(In thousands)
  Pass    
Special
Mention (1)
    Substandard (1)     Doubtful     Impaired (1)     PCD (Loss) (1)     Total  
Commercial and industrial
                                         
Non-real estate
 
$
8,516,718
   
$
157,279
   
$
344,254
   
$
8,369
   
$
19,112
   
$
3,362
   
$
9,049,094
 
Owner occupied
   
4,719,527
     
7,886
     
28,021
     
     
6,974
     
     
4,762,408
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
13,236,245
     
165,165
     
372,275
     
8,369
     
26,086
     
3,362
     
13,811,502
 
Commercial real estate
                                                       
Construction, acquisition and development
   
3,452,247
     
1,634
     
4,400
     
     
5,843
     
     
3,464,124
 
Income producing
   
6,776,961
     
53,088
     
188,979
     
     
2,218
     
4,293
     
7,025,539
 
Total commercial real estate
   
10,229,208
     
54,722
     
193,379
     
     
8,061
     
4,293
     
10,489,663
 
Consumer
                                                       
Residential mortgages
   
10,847,867
     
9,008
     
89,257
     
     
4,075
     
1,411
     
10,951,618
 
Other consumer
   
211,722
     
     
676
     
     
     
     
212,398
 
Total consumer
   
11,059,589
     
9,008
     
89,933
     
     
4,075
     
1,411
     
11,164,016
 
Total
 
$
34,525,042
   
$
228,895
   
$
655,587
   
$
8,369
   
$
38,222
   
$
9,066
   
$
35,465,181
 

(1)
In the loan classifications above, $7.9 million of the special mention balance, $106.0 million of the substandard balance, $8.3 million of the impaired balance, and $3.5 million of the PCD (Loss) balance are covered by government guarantees from either the SBA, FHA, VA and USDA.

   
December 31, 2024
 
(In thousands)
  Pass    
Special
Mention (1)
    Substandard (1)     Doubtful     Impaired (1)     PCD (Loss) (1)     Total  
Commercial and industrial
                                         
Non-real estate
 
$
8,208,176
   
$
106,996
   
$
311,096
   
$
8,743
   
$
31,996
   
$
3,522
   
$
8,670,529
 
Owner occupied
   
4,610,775
     
815
     
41,363
     
     
10,968
     
1,094
     
4,665,015
 
Total commercial and industrial
   
12,818,951
     
107,811
     
352,459
     
8,743
     
42,964
     
4,616
     
13,335,544
 
Commercial real estate
                                                       
Construction, acquisition and development
   
3,896,856
     
     
12,262
     
     
66
     
     
3,909,184
 
Income producing
   
5,850,702
     
5,094
     
144,084
     
     
15,893
     
     
6,015,773
 
Total commercial real estate
   
9,747,558
     
5,094
     
156,346
     
     
15,959
     
     
9,924,957
 
Consumer
                                                       
Residential mortgages
   
10,167,830
     
891
     
89,597
     
     
8,154
     
1,411
     
10,267,883
 
Other consumer
   
212,865
     
     
506
     
     
     
     
213,371
 
Total consumer
   
10,380,695
     
891
     
90,103
     
     
8,154
     
1,411
     
10,481,254
 
Total
 
$
32,947,204
   
$
113,796
   
$
598,908
   
$
8,743
   
$
67,077
   
$
6,027
   
$
33,741,755
 

(1)
In the loan classifications above, $99.0 million of the substandard balance and $11.1 million of the impaired balance are covered by government guarantees from either the SBA, FHA, VA and USDA.

91

The following tables provides details regarding the aging of the Company’s loan and lease portfolio by internally assigned grade at the dates indicated:

TABLE 24—AGING BY GRADE ON LOANS AND LEASES

     
June 30, 2025
 
 
(In thousands)
   
Current
     
30-59 Days
Past Due
     
60-89 Days
Past Due
     
90+ Days
Past Due
      Total
 
Pass
 
$
34,415,582
   
$
82,990
   
$
26,007
   
$
463
   
$
34,525,042
 
Special Mention (1)
   
226,291
     
2,604
     
     
     
228,895
 
Substandard (1)
   
433,463
     
62,922
     
19,178
     
140,024
     
655,587
 
Doubtful
   
8,369
     
     
     
     
8,369
 
Impaired (1)
   
14,535
     
985
     
1,657
     
21,045
     
38,222
 
PCD (Loss) (1)
   
7,655
     
     
1,411
     
     
9,066
 
Total
 
$
35,105,895
   
$
149,501
   
$
48,253
   
$
161,532
   
$
35,465,181
 

(1)
In the loan classifications above, $7.9 million of the special mention balance, $106.0 million of the substandard balance, $8.3 million of the impaired balance, and $3.5 million of the PCD (Loss) balance are covered by government guarantees from either the SBA, FHA, VA and USDA.

     
December 31, 2024
 
(In thousands)
    Current
     
30-59 Days
Past Due
     
60-89 Days
Past Due
     
90+ Days
Past Due
      Total
 
Pass
 
$
32,857,689
   
$
65,955
   
$
22,789
   
$
771
   
$
32,947,204
 
Special Mention
   
113,796
     
     
     
     
113,796
 
Substandard (1)
   
368,636
     
24,685
     
40,707
     
164,880
     
598,908
 
Doubtful
   
8,743
     
     
     
     
8,743
 
Impaired (1)
   
29,908
     
1,904
     
     
35,265
     
67,077
 
PCD (Loss)
   
4,932
     
1,095
     
     
     
6,027
 
Total
 
$
33,383,704
   
$
93,639
   
$
63,496
   
$
200,916
   
$
33,741,755
 

(1)
In the loan classifications above, $99.0 million of the substandard balance and $11.1 million of the impaired balance is covered by government guarantees from the SBA, FHA, VA and USDA.

At June 30, 2025, loans in pass, special mention, substandard, and PCD (loss) grade categories increased while loans in doubtful and impaired grade categories decreased compared to December 31, 2024. Pass loans increased $1.6 billion, or 4.8%, compared to December 31, 2024. The increase in pass was seen across all loan categories except for decreases in CAD and other consumer loans. Special mention loans increased $115.1 million, or 101.1%, compared to December 31, 2024. The increase in special mention was mainly driven by increases in C&I non-real estate and CRE income producing loans. Substandard loans increased $56.7 million, or 9.5%, at June 30, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024. The increase in substandard was mainly driven by the increase in C&I non-real estate and CRE income producing loans, somewhat offset by a slight decrease in CAD and C&I owner occupied loans. PCD (loss) loans increased $3.0 million, or 50.4%, compared to December 31, 2024. The increase in PCD (loss) was driven by the FCB acquisition, which included $4.3 million in PCD (loss) loans, somewhat offset by a decrease in C&I owner occupied loans. Impaired loans decreased $28.9 million, or 43.0%, at June 30, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024. The decrease in impaired was primarily driven by a decrease in C&I non-real estate and CRE income producing loans, slightly offset by an increase in CAD loans. The Company has maintained stable credit results while continuing to grow loans. Of total loans and leases, 99.0% were current on their contractual payments at June 30, 2025.

Collateral for some of the Company’s loans and leases is subject to fair value estimates that can fluctuate with market conditions and other external factors. In addition, while the Company has certain underwriting obligations related to such estimates, the estimates of some real property and other collateral are dependent upon third-party independent appraisers employed as independent contractors of the Company.

92

Deposits
 
Deposits originating within the communities served by the Company continue to be the Company’s primary source of funding its earning assets. The Company has been able to compete effectively for deposits in its primary market areas, while continuing to manage the exposure to higher interest rates. The distribution and market share of deposits by type of deposit and by type of depositor are important considerations in the Company's assessment of the stability of its funding sources and its access to additional funds. Furthermore, management shifts the mix and maturity of the deposits depending on economic conditions and loan and investment policies in an attempt, within set policies, to minimize cost and maximize net interest margin.
 
The following table presents the Company’s deposits and the percentage change between the periods indicated:
 
TABLE 25—SUMMARY OF DEPOSITS
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
June 30, 2025
   
December 31, 2024
   
% Change
 
Noninterest bearing demand deposits
 
$
9,154,050
   
$
8,591,805
     
6.5
%
Interest bearing demand and money market deposits
   
18,936,579
     
19,345,114
     
(2.1
)
Savings
   
2,641,482
     
2,588,406
     
2.1
 
Time deposits
   
9,761,407
     
9,970,876
     
(2.1
)
Total deposits
 
$
40,493,518
   
$
40,496,201
     
%
 
Total deposits experienced a decrease of $2.7 million at June 30, 2025, compared to December 31, 2024 due to decreases in brokered deposits and public funds, partially offset by an increase in core customer deposits (which excludes brokered deposits and public funds). Brokered deposits were $1.5 billion at June 30, 2025, a decrease of $636.0 million, or 30.4%, compared to December 31, 2024. This decrease is primarily the result of the Company’s decision to lower the brokered deposit levels in favor of short and long term FHLB borrowings. Total public funds balances were $3.8 billion at June 30, 2025, a decrease of $254.0 million, or 6.2%, compared to December 31, 2024. This decrease is primarily the result of the seasonality of cash collections and disbursements by the various municipalities. Core customer deposit balances were $35.2 billion at June 30, 2025, an increase of $887.5 million, or 2.6%, compared to December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily due to the acquisition of FCB, which added $523.6 million of deposits in the second quarter of 2025. See Note 2 for further details. Noninterest bearing demand deposits increased $562.2 million, or 6.5%, at June 30, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024. Time deposits decreased $209.5 million, or 2.1%, at June 30, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024 due in part to a decrease of $449.8 million in brokered time deposits offset by an increase of $228.5 million in core customer and public funds time deposits.
 
The following table presents the classification of the Company’s deposits on an average basis for each of the periods indicated:
 
TABLE 26—AVERAGE BALANCE AND YIELD ON DEPOSITS

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
   
2025
   
2024
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
Average
Amount
   
Average
Rate
   
Average
Amount
   
Average
Rate
 
Noninterest bearing demand deposits
 
$
8,494,542
     
%
 
$
8,757,029
     
%
Interest bearing demand deposits
   
18,799,895
     
2.69
     
18,770,093
     
3.13
 
Savings
   
2,646,190
     
0.57
     
2,652,019
     
0.57
 
Time
   
9,956,973
     
3.98
     
7,920,946
     
4.53
 
Total deposits
 
$
39,897,600
           
$
38,100,087
         

93

   
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
    2025    
2024
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
Average
Amount
   
Average
Rate
   
Average
Amount
   
Average
Rate
 
Noninterest bearing demand deposits
 
$
8,417,406
     
%
 
$
8,914,824
     
%
Interest bearing demand deposits
   
19,112,399
     
2.69
     
19,036,969
     
3.12
 
Savings
   
2,626,885
     
0.57
     
2,674,236
     
0.57
 
Time
   
9,967,496
     
4.04
     
7,634,651
     
4.47
 
Total deposits
 
$
40,124,186
           
$
38,260,680
         

Uninsured deposits are defined as the portion of deposit accounts in U.S. offices that exceed the FDIC insurance limit and amounts in any other uninsured investment or deposit account that are classified as deposits and are not subject to any federal or state deposit insurance regimes. The uninsured portion of public funds owned by municipal and state government entities are collateralized by the Company with investment securities and custodial letters of credit from the FHLB of Dallas. The following table segregates our deposits by deposit insurance categories.
 
TABLE 27—ESTIMATED TOTAL INSURED AND UNINSURED DEPOSITS

(In thousands)
 
June 30, 2025
   
December 31, 2024
 
FDIC insured
 
$
25,434,979
   
$
25,840,309
 
Collateralized (uninsured)
   
3,666,174
     
3,901,677
 
Uninsured (excluding collateralized)
   
11,392,365
     
10,754,215
 
Total deposits
 
$
40,493,518
   
$
40,496,201
 

The Company’s estimated uninsured time deposits at June 30, 2025 had maturities as follows:
 
TABLE 28—MATURITY OF UNINSURED TIME DEPOSITS

(In thousands)
 
Amount
 
Three months or less
 
$
507,555
 
Over three months through six months
   
679,513
 
Over six months through twelve months
   
570,699
 
Over twelve months
   
93,678
 
Total
 
$
1,851,445
 
 
Borrowings
 
Short-term Borrowings
 
The Company has several types of available short-term borrowing arrangements including Federal funds purchased, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, short-term FHLB borrowings and the Federal Reserve discount window. Federal funds purchased are unsecured lines, while the rest of these types of borrowings are collateralized by investment securities and loans. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had total short-term borrowings of $1.6 billion with a weighted average interest rate of 4.30% and $23.6 million with a weighted average interest rate of 4.10%, respectively. Cadence’s BTFP borrowing was paid off during the fourth quarter of 2024. See Note 6 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for additional details.

94

Long-term Borrowings

During the first half of 2025, the Company entered into $1.4 billion long-term advances from FHLB of Dallas with various interest rates ranging from 3.897% to 4.219% and maturing beginning in September 2026 through April 2027. In addition, the Company assumed $12.4 million of junior subordinated debt included in the First Chatham Bank acquisition. All the FCB subordinated debt assumed as well as the $10.0 million of 5.000% fixed to floating rate subordinated notes were paid off in June 2025. The following is a summary of our long-term borrowings at the dates indicated:

TABLE 29—LONG-TERM BORROWINGS

(In thousands)
 
June 30, 2025
   
December 31, 2024
 
Advances from FHLB of Dallas
 
$
1,430,674
   
$
706
 
5.000% fixed to floating rate, subordinated notes, due June 30, 2030, callable on June 30, 2025
   
     
10,000
 
Total subordinated and long-term borrowings
 
$
1,430,674
   
$
10,706
 

Under the terms of the blanket floating lien security agreement with FHLB of Dallas, the Company is required to  maintain sufficient collateral to secure borrowings. At June 30, 2025, the remaining borrowing availability totaled $10.1 billion. At June 30, 2025, there were no call features on long-term FHLB borrowings. See Note 6 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

One of the Company's goals is to maintain adequate funds to meet increases in loan demand or any potential increase in the normal level of deposit withdrawals. This goal is accomplished primarily by generating cash from the Company’s operating activities and maintaining sufficient short-term liquid assets. These sources, coupled with a stable core deposit base and a historical experience in the capital markets, allow the Company to fund earning assets and maintain the availability of funds. Management believes that the Company’s traditional sources of maturing loans and investment securities, sales of loans held for sale, cash from operating activities and a strong base of core deposits are adequate to meet the Company’s liquidity needs for normal operations over both the short-term and the long-term.

The following table summarizes the Company’s cash and cash equivalents as of the following dates:

TABLE 30—CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

(Dollars in thousands)
 
June 30, 2025
   
December 31, 2024
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
1,536,557
   
$
1,731,576
 
Cash and cash equivalents as a percentage of:
               
Loans and lease, net
   
4.3
%
   
5.1
%
Total earning assets
   
3.4
     
4.1
 
Total assets
   
3.1
     
3.7
 
Total deposits
   
3.8
     
4.3
 
Total uninsured deposits
   
10.2
     
11.8
 

To provide additional liquidity as needed, the Company utilizes short-term financing through the purchase of federal funds, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, borrowings at the FHLB and through the Federal Reserve discount window.

95

The Company had the following sources of contingent liquidity available at June 30, 2025:

TABLE 31—CASH AND SOURCES OF CONTINGENT LIQUIDITY

(In thousands)
 
Amount
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
1,536,557
 
Unpledged investment securities (at par) (1)
   
5,645,071
 
Secured lines of credit availability at the FHLB and Federal Reserve
   
11,937,753
 
Unsecured Federal funds lines availability
   
2,089,000
 
Total
 
$
21,208,381
 

(1)
The fair value of unpledged investment securities was $5.3 billion at June 30, 2025.

 At June 30, 2025, the Company had irrevocable letters of credit issued by the FHLB totaling $47.5 million which were used on behalf of the Company’s customers.

The ability of the Company to obtain funding from these or other sources could be negatively affected should the Company experience a substantial deterioration in its financial condition or its debt rating or should the availability of short-term funding become restricted as a result of the disruption in the financial markets. Management does not anticipate any short-or long-term changes to its liquidity strategies and believes that the Company has ample sources to meet any liquidity challenges that may arise. The Company has sound and robust risk management practices that include an active ALCO to analyze and manage the Company’s liquidity and IRR (See - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk).

Other Liquidity Considerations

The Company’s operating lease obligations represent short and long-term operating lease and rental payments for facilities, certain software and data processing and other equipment. Purchase obligations represent obligations to purchase goods and services that are legally binding and enforceable on the Company and that specify all significant terms, including: fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased; fixed, minimum or variable price provisions; and the approximate timing of the transaction.

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into various off-balance sheet commitments and other  arrangements to extend credit that are not reflected on the consolidated balance sheets of the Company. The business purpose of these off-balance sheet commitments is the routine extension of credit. The Company also faces the risk of deteriorating credit quality of borrowers to whom a commitment to extend credit has been made; however, no significant credit losses are expected from these commitments and arrangements. At June 30, 2025, letters of credit totaled $467.3 million and unfunded extensions of credit totaled $9.1 billion (see Note 16 to the consolidated financial statement for more information). At June 30, 2025, the Company maintained a reserve for unfunded commitments of $9.6 million included in other liabilities.

Cash Flow Sources and Uses

Cash equivalents include cash and amounts due from banks, including interest bearing deposits with other banks. At June 30, 2025, cash and cash equivalents totaled $1.5 billion compared to $1.7 billion at December 31, 2024. The ratio of cash and cash equivalents to total assets was 3.1% at June 30, 2025 compared to 3.7% at December 31, 2024.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, operating activities provided $332.0 million in cash, investing activities used $2.9 billion in cash, and financing activities provided $2.3 billion in cash. Primary uses of funds in investing activities during the first half of 2025 were net funding of loans of $1.4 billion and purchases of AFS securities $2.0 billion. These items were partially offset by proceeds from maturities, calls and payments of AFS securities of $644.1 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, financing activities provided $2.3 billion, which primarily resulted from proceeds of $1.4 billion in long-term FHLB advances and of $1.6 billion in short-term FHLB advances. These items were partially offset by a decrease of $526.4 million in deposits and common and preferred stock dividends of $108.9 million.

96

Regulatory Capital

Regulatory capital at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was calculated in accordance with standards established by the federal banking agencies as well as the interagency final rule published on September 30, 2020 entitled “Revised Transition of the Current Expected Credit Losses Methodology for Allowances.” Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Company’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Company’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. Quantitative measures are established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy and require the Company to maintain minimum capital amounts and ratios.

Additionally, regulatory capital rules include a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% which the Company must maintain  on top of its minimum risk-based capital requirements. This buffer applies to all three risk-based capital measurements (CET1, Tier 1 and total capital to risk-weighted assets). A financial institution with a conservation buffer of less than the required amount is subject to limitations on capital distributions, including dividend payments and stock repurchases, and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers.

Capital amounts and ratios for the Company at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, are presented in the following  table and as shown, exceed the thresholds necessary to be considered “well capitalized.” Management believes that no events or changes have occurred subsequent to the indicated dates that would change this designation.

TABLE 32—REGULATORY CAPITAL


 
June 30, 2025
   
December 31, 2024
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
Amount
   
Ratio
   
Amount
   
Ratio
 
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)
 
$
4,871,652
     
12.18
%
 
$
4,693,487
     
12.35
%
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)
   
5,038,645
     
12.60
     
4,860,480
     
12.79
 
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)
   
5,515,711
     
13.79
     
5,306,647
     
13.97
 
Tier 1 leverage capital (to average assets)
   
5,038,645
     
10.35
     
4,860,480
     
10.41
 

Uses of Capital

Subject to pre-approval from the Federal Reserve and MDBCF, the Company may pursue acquisitions of depository institutions and businesses closely related to banking that further the Company’s business strategies. Management anticipates that consideration for any transactions would include shares of the Company’s common stock, cash or a combination thereof.

On April 25, 2025, the Company announced a share repurchase program whereby the Company may acquire up to an aggregate of 10,000,000 shares of its common stock. The share repurchase program became effective on May 28, 2025, and will expire on December 31, 2025. Under the share repurchase program, shares of the Company’s common stock may be purchased periodically in open market transactions at prevailing market prices, in privately negotiated transactions, or by other means in accordance with federal securities laws. Repurchased shares are held as authorized but unissued shares available for use in connection with the Company’s stock compensation programs, other transactions, or for other corporate purposes as determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. Through June 30, 2025, the Company did not repurchase any shares under this program.

On May 1, 2025, the Company completed the merger with FCB Financial Corp., the bank holding company for First Chatham Bank (collectively referred to as “First Chatham”). Under the terms of the definitive merger agreement, the Company issued approximately 2.3 million shares of common stock plus $23.1 million in cash for all outstanding shares of First Chatham.  See Note 2 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for additional details.

During the first quarter of 2025, the Company increased the common stock dividend to $0.275 per share. Additionally, during the second quarter of 2025 the Company paid a special cash dividend of $0.34375 per share of preferred stock.

97

Impact of Inflation

The consolidated financial statements and related consolidated financial data presented herein have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and practices within the banking industry which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. The effect of inflation on a financial institution differs from the effect on other types of businesses. While a financial institution’s operating expenses are affected by general inflation, the asset and liability structure of a financial institution consists largely of monetary items. Monetary items, such as cash, investments, loans, deposits, and borrowings, are those assets and liabilities which are or will be converted into a fixed number of dollars regardless of changes in prices. As a result, changes in interest rates can be more impactful to a financial institution’s performance than general inflation. Inflation may also have impacts on the Company’s customers, businesses and consumers and their ability or willingness to invest, save or spend, and perhaps on their ability to repay loans. As such, there would likely be impacts on the general appetite for banking products and the credit health to the Company’s customers. See Part 1, Item 1.A., Risk Factors, of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, for additional information regarding the risks of inflation.

Certain Litigation and Other Contingencies

The nature of the Company’s business ordinarily results in certain types of claims, litigation, investigations, and other legal or administrative cases and proceedings. Although the Company and its subsidiaries have policies and procedures to minimize legal noncompliance and the impact of claims and other proceedings and endeavored to procure reasonable amounts of insurance coverage, litigation and regulatory actions present an ongoing risk.

The Company and its subsidiaries engage in lines of business that are heavily regulated and involve a large volume of actual or potential financial transactions with customers or applicants, and the Company is a public company with a large number of shareholders. From time to time, applicants, borrowers, customers, shareholders, former employees, service providers, and other third parties have brought actions against the Company or its subsidiaries, in cases claiming substantial damages. Financial services companies are subject to risks arising from changing regulatory frameworks or expectations, regulatory investigations, class action litigation, and, from time to time, the Company and its subsidiaries have such actions brought against them. The Company and its subsidiaries are also subject to enforcement actions by federal or state regulators, including the Federal Reserve, the CFPB, the DOJ, state attorneys general, and the MDBCF, which may be adversely impacted by ongoing litigation in which the Company is involved. Additionally, the Company is, and management expects it to be, engaged in a number of foreclosure proceedings and other collection actions as part of its lending and leasing collections activities, which, from time to time, have resulted in counterclaims against the Company and its subsidiaries. Various legal proceedings have and may arise in the future out of claims against entities to which the Company is a successor as a result of business combinations.

When and as the Company determines it has meritorious defenses to the claims asserted, it vigorously defends against such claims. The Company will consider settlement of claims when, in management’s judgment and in consultation with counsel, it is in the best interests of the Company to do so.

The Company cannot predict with certainty the cost of defense, the cost of prosecution, or the ultimate outcome of litigation or other proceedings filed by or against it, its subsidiaries and its directors, management or employees, including remedies or damage awards. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company assesses its liabilities and contingencies in connection with outstanding legal proceedings as well as certain threatened claims (which are not considered incidental to the ordinary conduct of the Company’s business) utilizing the latest and most reliable information available. For matters where a loss is not probable or the amount of the loss cannot be estimated, the Company will not accrue. For matters where it is probable the Company will incur a loss and the amount can be reasonably estimated, the Company establishes an accrual for the loss. Once established, the accrual is adjusted periodically to reflect any relevant developments. The actual cost of any such matters, however, may turn out to be substantially higher than the amount accrued. Further, the Company’s insurance policies have deductibles and coverage limits, and such policies are unlikely to cover all costs and expenses related to the defense or prosecution of such legal proceedings or any losses arising therefrom.

Although the final outcome of any legal proceedings is inherently uncertain, based on the information available, advice of counsel and available insurance coverage, if applicable, management believes that the litigation-related liability of $11.6 million accrued at June 30, 2025 is adequate and that any incremental change in potential liability arising from the Company’s legal proceedings and threatened claims, including the matters described herein and those otherwise arising in the ordinary course of business, will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business or consolidated results of operations or financial condition. It is possible, however, that future developments could result in an unfavorable outcome for, or resolution of any one or more of the legal proceedings in which the Company or its subsidiaries are defendants, which may be material to the Company’s business or consolidated results of operations or financial condition for a particular fiscal period or periods.

98

On August 30, 2021, Legacy Cadence and the DOJ agreed to a settlement set forth in the consent order related to the investigation by the DOJ of Legacy Cadence Bank’s fair lending program in Harris, Fort Bend, and Montgomery Counties located in Houston, Texas during the period between 2014 and 2016 (the “Consent Order”). The Consent Order was signed by the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, Atlanta Division, on August 31, 2021. Pursuant to Section 5.2(g) of the Agreement and Plan of Merger and Paragraph 50 of the Consent Order, Legacy BancorpSouth Bank approved the negotiated settlement, and subsequently, the Company agreed to accept the obligations of the Consent Order. At the request of the DOJ, the court terminated the Consent Order on May 29, 2025. For additional information regarding the terms of this settlement and the Consent Order, see Legacy Cadence Bancorporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K that was filed with the SEC on August 30, 2021.

Recent Pronouncements

Refer to Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of accounting standards currently effective for 2025 and relevant accounting standards that have been issued but are not currently effective.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

During the three months ended June 30, 2025, there were no material changes in the Company’s critical accounting policies and no significant changes in the application of critical accounting policies as presented in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with GAAP and practices within the banking industry which require management to make estimates and assumptions about future events. Estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, and the resulting estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of certain assets and liabilities not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

99

ITEM 3.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

Interest Rate Risk Management

Market risk reflects the risk of economic loss resulting from changes in interest rates and other relevant market prices. This risk of loss can be reflected in either reduced potential net interest revenue in future periods or diminished market values of financial assets. The Company’s market risk arises primarily from IRR that is inherent in its lending, investment and deposit taking activities.

The main causes of IRR are the differing structural characteristics of our assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet obligations and their cumulative net reaction to changing interest rates. These structural characteristics include timing differences in maturity or repricing and the effect of embedded options such as loan prepayments, securities prepayments and calls, interest rate caps, floors, collars, and deposit withdrawal options. In addition to these sources of IRR, basis risk results from differences in the spreads between various market interest rates and changes in the slope of the yield curve can contribute to additional IRR.

We evaluate IRR and develop guidelines regarding balance sheet composition and re-pricing, funding sources and pricing, and off-balance sheet commitments that aim to moderate IRR. We use financial simulation models that reflect various interest rate scenarios and the related impact on NII and EVE over specified periods of time. NII is a shorter-term indicator while EVE is a longer-term indicator of IRR. We refer to this process as ALM.

The primary objective of ALM is to manage IRR within a desired risk tolerance for potential fluctuations in NII and EVE throughout different interest rate cycles, which we aim to achieve through management of interest rate sensitive earning assets and liabilities. In general, we seek to maintain a desired risk tolerance with asset and liability balances within maturity and repricing characteristics to limit our exposure to acceptable earnings volatility and changes in the value of assets and liabilities as interest rates fluctuate over time. Adjustments to maturity categories can be accomplished either by lengthening or shortening the duration of an individual asset or liability category, or externally with interest rate derivative contracts, such as interest rate swaps, caps, collars, and floors. See “—Interest Rate Exposure” below for a more detailed discussion of our various derivative positions.

Our ALM strategy is formulated and monitored by our ALCO in accordance with policies approved by the Board of Directors. ALCO meets regularly to review, among other things, the sensitivity of our assets and liabilities to interest rate changes, the book and market values of assets and liabilities, unrealized gains and losses, recent purchase and sale activity, maturities of securities and borrowings, and projected future transactions. ALCO also establishes and approves pricing and funding strategies with respect to overall asset and liability composition. ALCO reports regularly to our Risk Committee of the Board of Directors.

Financial simulation models are the primary tools we use to measure IRR exposures. These simulation models incorporate all of our earning assets and liabilities. By examining a range of hypothetical deterministic interest rate scenarios, these models provide management with information regarding the potential impact on NII and EVE caused by changes in interest rates.

The models simulate the cash flows and accounting accruals generated by the financial instruments on our balance sheet, as well as the cash flows generated by the new business that we anticipate over a 60-month forecast horizon. However, past the 36-month mark, the growth of the balances is static in the forecast. Numerous assumptions are made in the modeling process, including balance sheet composition, re-pricing, a combination of market data and internal historical experiences, and maturity characteristics of existing and new business. These assumptions are reviewed regularly. Additionally, loan and investment prepayments, administered rate account elasticity, and other option risks are considered as well as the uncertainty surrounding future customer behavior. Because our modeling is limited by the predictive power of historical data and current assumptions, and because our balance sheet will be actively managed in the event of a change in interest rates, simulation results, including those discussed in “—Interest Rate Exposure” immediately below, are not intended as a forecast of the actual effect of a change in market interest rates on our NII or EVE, or indicative of management’s expectations of actual results in the event of a fluctuation in market interest rates; however, these results are used to help measure the potential risks related to IRR.

100

Interest Rate Exposure

Based upon the current interest rate environment at June 30, 2025, our simulation model projects our sensitivity to an  instantaneous increase or decrease in interest rates over a one-year period as follows:

TABLE 33—INTEREST RATE SENSITIVITY

   
Increase (Decrease)
 
(Dollars in millions)
 
Net Interest Income
   
Economic Value of Equity
 
Change (in Basis Points) in Interest Rates (12-Month Projection)
 
Amount
   
Percent
   
Amount
   
Percent
 
+ 200 BP
 
$
61
     
3.5
%
 
$
(911
)
   
(11.4
)%
+ 100 BP
   
33
     
1.9
     
(444
)
   
(5.6
)
- 100 BP
   
(37
)
   
(2.1
)
   
333
     
4.2
 
- 200 BP
   
(85
)
   
(4.8
)
   
500
     
6.3
 

Both the NII and EVE simulations include assumptions regarding balances, asset prepayment speeds, deposit and borrowings repricing and runoff and interest rate relationships among balances that management believes to be reasonable for the various interest rate environments. Differences in actual occurrences from these assumptions may change our market risk exposure.

See “Table 15 – Maturity Distribution of AFS Securities” that shows the maturities and weighted average yields for the carrying value of the available for sale securities as of June 30, 2025, and “Table 18 – Interest Rate Sensitivity of Loans and Leases” that shows the maturity distribution based on remaining maturities of the Company’s loan and lease portfolio and the interest rate sensitivity of the Company’s loans and leases maturing after one year at June 30, 2025.

Derivative Positions

Overview. Our Board of Directors has authorized the ALCO to utilize financial futures, forward sales, options, interest rate swaps, caps, collars, and floors, and other instruments to the extent appropriate, in accordance with regulations and our internal policy. From time to time, we expect to use interest rate swaps, caps, collars, and floors as macro hedges against inherent rate sensitivity in our assets and our liabilities to synthetically alter the maturities or re-pricing characteristics of assets or liabilities to reduce imbalances.

We currently engage in only the following types of hedges: (1) those which enable us to transfer the IRR exposure involved in our daily business activities; and (2) those which serve to alter the market risk inherent in our investment portfolio, mortgage pipeline, MSR, or liabilities and thus help us to manage earnings and market value volatility within approved risk tolerances.

The following is a discussion of our current derivative positions related to IRR.

Interest Rate Lock Commitments. In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into certain commitments with customers in connection with residential mortgage loan applications for loans the Company intends to sell. Such commitments are considered derivatives under current accounting guidance and are required to be recorded at fair value. The change in fair value of these instruments is reflected currently in the mortgage banking revenue of the consolidated statements of income. The fair value of these derivatives is recorded on the consolidated balance sheets in other assets and other liabilities.

Forward Sales Commitments. The Company enters into forward sales commitments of MBS with investors to mitigate the effect of the IRR inherent in providing interest rate lock commitments to customers. During the period from commitment date to closing date, the Company is subject to the risk that market rates of interest may change. In an effort to mitigate such risk, forward delivery sales commitments, under which the Company agrees to deliver certain MBS, are established. These commitments are non-hedging derivatives in accordance with current accounting guidance and recorded at fair value, with changes in fair value reflected currently in the mortgage banking revenue of the consolidated statements of income. The fair value of these derivatives is recorded on the consolidated balance sheets in other assets and other liabilities.

Mortgage Servicing Right Hedges. The value of our MSR is dependent on changes in market interest rates. In order to mitigate the effects of changes in rates on the value of our MSR, the Company has used various instruments (including but not limited to Treasury options, Treasury, SOFR and TBA futures and forwards, swap futures, etc.) as economic hedges.

101

Agreements Not Designated as Hedging Derivatives. The Company enters into interest rate swap, floor, cap and collar agreements on commercial loans with customers to meet the financing needs and IRR management needs of its customers. At the same time, the Company enters into offsetting interest rate swap agreements with a financial institution in order to minimize the Company’s IRR. These interest rate agreements are non-hedging derivatives and are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in noninterest income. The fair value of these derivatives is recorded on the consolidated balance sheets in other assets and other liabilities.

See Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our derivative financial  instruments.

ITEM 4.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

CONCLUSION REGARDING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

The Company, with the participation of its management, including the Company’s CEO and CFO, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Report.

Based upon that evaluation, and as of the end of the period covered by this Report, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed in its reports that the Company files or submits to the Federal Reserve under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported on a timely basis, and to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

The Company is working to integrate FCB into its overall internal control over financial reporting processes. Except for changes made in connection with this integration of FCB, there have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2025, covered by this Report that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

102

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.
Legal Proceedings.

The information in response to this item is incorporated herein by reference to “Note 16 - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” in the notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements included in Part I., Item 1. “Financial Statements” of this Report. Also, see Part I. Item II. “Financial Condition - Certain Litigation and Other Contingencies.”

Item 1A.
Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes to our risk factors previously disclosed under Part I, Item 1A. of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Item 2.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

During the period commencing January 1, 2025 and ending June 30, 2025, the Company issued 989,660 RSUs and issued 264,729 PSUs under the 2025 Long-Term Incentive Plan to eligible directors, officers, and employees of the Company for services rendered to the Company. The Company did not receive any cash consideration in connection with these grants, and these securities were exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, pursuant to Section (3)(a)(2) thereof because the sales involved securities issued by a bank.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

For the Month Ended
 
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased (1)
   
Average Price
Paid per Share
   
Total Number of
Shares Purchased
as Part of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs (2)
   
Maximum Number
of Shares that May
Yet Be Purchased
Under the Plans
or Programs (2)
 
                         
April 30, 2025
   
426
   
$
26.43
     
     
10,000,000
 
May 31, 2025
   
70,983
     
32.03
     
     
10,000,000
 
June 30, 2025
   
     
     
     
10,000,000
 
Total
   
71,409
    $
32.00
                 

(1)
This column consists of shares redeemed from employees for tax withholding purposes for stock compensation.

(2)
On April 25, 2025, the Company announced a share repurchase program whereby the Company may acquire up to an aggregate of 10,000,000 shares of its common stock. The share repurchase program became effective on May 28, 2025, and will expire on December 31, 2025. Under the share repurchase program, Cadence's shares may be purchased periodically in open market transactions at prevailing market prices, in privately negotiated transactions, or by other means in accordance with federal securities laws. Repurchased shares are held as authorized but unissued shares available for use in connection with the Company’s stock compensation programs, other transactions, or for other corporate purposes as determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. Through June 30, 2025, the Company did not repurchase any shares under this program.

Item 3.
Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures.

None.

Item 5.
Other Information.

Pursuant to Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K, none of the Company's directors or executive officers adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the three months ended June 30, 2025.

103

Item 6.
Exhibits.

(3)


a)
Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company. (Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on January 3, 2025 and incorporated herein by reference thereto).


b)
Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company. (Filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on January 3, 2025 and incorporated herein by reference thereto).


(31.1)
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of Cadence Bank pursuant to Rule 13a-14 or 15d-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*




(31.2)
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of Cadence Bank pursuant to Rule 13a-14 or 15d-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*




(32.1)
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of Cadence Bank pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**




(32.2)
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of Cadence Bank pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**

 
*
Filed herewith.

 
**
Furnished herewith.

104

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

   
CADENCE BANK
       
DATE:
August 8, 2025
By:
/s/ Valerie C. Toalson
     
Valerie C. Toalson
     
Chief Financial Officer and President - Banking Services


105

EXHIBIT 31.1

CADENCE BANK
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14 OR 15d-14 OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, James D. Rollins III, certify that:
 

1.
I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q (“this report”) of Cadence Bank;
 

2.
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;


3.
Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;


4.
The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)    Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
 
(b)    Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)    Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)    Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and


5.
The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
 
(a)    All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)    Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
Date:            August 8, 2025

 
 
/s/ James D. Rollins III
 
James D. Rollins III 
 
Chief Executive Officer
 
 
106
 


 EXHIBIT 31.2

CADENCE BANK
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14 OR 15d-14 OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Valerie C. Toalson, certify that:
 

1.
I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q (“this report”) of Cadence Bank;
 

2.
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;


3.
Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;


4.
The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)    Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
 
(b)    Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)    Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)    Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and


5.
The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
 
(a)    All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)    Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
Date:            August 8, 2025

 
/s/ Valerie C. Toalson
 
Valerie C. Toalson
 
Chief Financial Officer and
President - Banking Services
(Principal Accounting Officer)
 
 
107
 
 


EXHIBIT 32.1

CADENCE BANK
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Cadence Bank (the “Company”), for the three-months ended June 30, 2025, as filed with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, James D. Rollins III, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify in my capacity as an executive officer of the Company, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:
 
(1)            The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and
 
(2)            The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
 
August 8, 2025  /s/ James D. Rollins III
 
James D. Rollins III
 
Chief Executive Officer
                                                                                
A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or its staff upon request.

108
 


EXHIBIT 32.2

CADENCE BANK
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Cadence Bank (the “Company”), for the three-months ended June 30, 2025, as filed with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Valerie C. Toalson, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify in my capacity as an executive officer of the Company, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:
 
(1)            The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and
 
(2)            The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
 

August 8, 2025
/s/ Valerie C. Toalson
 
Valerie C. Toalson
 
Chief Financial Officer and
President - Banking Services
(Principal Accounting Officer)
 
 
                                                                      
A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or its staff upon request.

109